The Drude weight is a central quantity for the transport properties of quantum spin chains. The canonical definition of Drude weight is directly related to Kubo formula of conductivity. However, the difficulty in the evaluation of such expression has led to several alternative formulations, accessible to different methods. In particular, the Euclidean, or imaginary-time, Drude weight can be studied via rigorous renormalization group. As a result, in the past years several universality results have been proven for such quantity at zero temperature; remarkably, the proofs work for both integrable and non-integrable quantum spin chains. Here we establish the equivalence of Euclidean and canonical Drude weights at zero temperature. Our proof is based on rigorous renormalization group methods, Ward identities, and complex analytic ideas. 相似文献
The identification of gemstones is an important topic in the field of cultural heritage, given their enormous value. Particularly, the most important precious stones, namely diamond, emerald, ruby and sapphire, are frequently subjected to counterfeit by substitution with objects of lesser value with similar appearance, colour or shape. While a gemmologist is able to recognise a counterfeit in most instances, more generally, it is not easy to do this without resorting to instrumental methods. In this work, the use of UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry with optic fibres (FORS) is proposed as a fast and easy method for the preliminary identification of gemstones, alternative to the classical methods used by gemmologists or to Raman spectroscopy, which is by far the instrumental method with the best diagnostic potential, but it cannot be used in situations of problematic geometric hindrance. The possibilities and the limitations given by the FORS technique are critically discussed together with the spectral features of the most important gemstones. Finally, the application of chemometric pattern recognition methods is described for the treatment of large sets of spectral data deriving from gemstones identification. 相似文献
We recently identified 6-nitrodopamine and other nitro-catecholamines (6-nitrodopa, 6-nitroadrenaline), indicating that the endothelium has the ability to nitrate the classical catecholamines (dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline). In order to investigate whether drugs could be subject to the same nitration process, we synthesized 4-nitro- and 7-nitropropranolol as probes to evaluate the possible nitration of the propranolol by the endothelium. The separation of the enantiomers in very high yields and excellent enantiopurity was achieved by chiral HPLC. Finally, we used Riguera’s method to determine the absolute configuration of the enantiomers, through double derivatization with MPA and NMR studies. 相似文献
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - This study aims to characterize erythromycin (ERY) estolate by thermogravimetry analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. For such a purpose,... 相似文献
We develop a dynamic generalized conditional gradient method (DGCG) for dynamic inverse problems with optimal transport regularization. We consider the framework introduced in Bredies and Fanzon (ESAIM: M2AN 54:2351–2382, 2020), where the objective functional is comprised of a fidelity term, penalizing the pointwise in time discrepancy between the observation and the unknown in time-varying Hilbert spaces, and a regularizer keeping track of the dynamics, given by the Benamou–Brenier energy constrained via the homogeneous continuity equation. Employing the characterization of the extremal points of the Benamou–Brenier energy (Bredies et al. in Bull Lond Math Soc 53(5):1436–1452, 2021), we define the atoms of the problem as measures concentrated on absolutely continuous curves in the domain. We propose a dynamic generalization of a conditional gradient method that consists of iteratively adding suitably chosen atoms to the current sparse iterate, and subsequently optimizing the coefficients in the resulting linear combination. We prove that the method converges with a sublinear rate to a minimizer of the objective functional. Additionally, we propose heuristic strategies and acceleration steps that allow to implement the algorithm efficiently. Finally, we provide numerical examples that demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm and model in reconstructing heavily undersampled dynamic data, together with the presence of noise.
The extraction of berberine was carried out from Berberis vulgaris, Berberis aquifolium, and Hydrastis canadensis plants using ethanol and water (70:30, v/v). The extracted berberine was characterized by ultraviolet-visible and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The purity of berberine was ascertained by thin-layer chromatography using n-propanol-formic acid-water (95:1:4) and (90:1:9) solvents. hRf values were in the range of 44–49 with compact spots (diameter 0.2–0.4 cm). HPLC was carried out using ammonium acetate buffer and acetonitrile in gradient mode with Zodiac (4.6 × 150 mm, 3 μm) column. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and detection was at 220 nm. The values of separation and resolution factors of the standard and the extracted berberine were in the range of 1.13–1.16 and 1.40–1.71, respectively. A comparison has shown that both thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods found applications in different situations and requirements. The extracted berberine samples were used to treat Leishmaniosis and the results showed better activity of berberine in comparison to the standard drug Amphotericin B. Briefly, the reported research is a novel and may be used to extract berberine from plants, separation and identification of berberine by thin layer chromatography and HPLC and to treat Leishmaniosis. 相似文献
DNA nanotechnology provides an approach to create precise, tunable, and biocompatible nanostructures for biomedical applications. However, the stability of these structures is severely compromised in biological milieu due to their fast degradation by nucleases. Recently, we showed how enzymatic polymerization could be harnessed to grow polynucleotide brushes of tunable length and location on the surface of DNA origami nanostructures, which greatly enhances their nuclease stability. Here, we report on strategies that allow for both spatial and temporal control over polymerization through activatable initiation, cleavage, and regeneration of polynucleotide brushes using restriction enzymes. The ability to site-specifically decorate DNA origami nanostructures with polynucleotide brushes in a spatiotemporally controlled way provides access to “smart” functionalized DNA architectures with potential applications in drug delivery and supramolecular assembly. 相似文献