Recent advances in the development of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide carbon nanotube–based (bio)sensors

The relevance of H₂O₂ as biomarker for different neurodegenerative diseases and cancer has been one of the most significant incentives for the development of new (bio)sensors that allow a more sensitive, selective, fast, and stable quantification of H₂O₂. In this regard, the association of carbon nanotubes with hemoproteins, nanoparticles, and other nanostructures and different electrochemical transducers has offered new avenues for the construction of innovative H₂O₂ bioanalytical platforms. This short review highlights the most relevant contributions in the field of electrochemical (bio)sensors for H₂O₂ based on carbon nanotubes published in the period 2016–2018.     

Observability of nonlinear dynamics: normalized results and a time-series approach

This paper investigates the observability of nonlinear dynamical systems. Two difficulties associated with previous studies are dealt with. First, a normalized degree observability is defined. This permits the comparison of different systems, which was not generally possible before. Second, a time-series approach is proposed based on omnidirectional nonlinear correlation functions to rank a set of time series of a system in terms of their potential use to reconstruct the original dynamics without requiring the knowledge of the system equations. The two approaches proposed in this paper and a former method were applied to five benchmark systems and an overall agreement of over 92% was found.     

Sintered and 3D-Printed Bulks of MgB2-Based Materials with Antimicrobial Properties

Pristine high-density bulk disks of MgB₂ with added hexagonal BN (10 wt.%) were prepared using spark plasma sintering. The BN-added samples are machinable by chipping them into desired geometries. Complex shapes of different sizes can also be obtained by the 3D printing of polylactic acid filaments embedded with MgB₂ powder particles (10 wt.%). Our present work aims to assess antimicrobial activity quantified as viable cells (CFU/mL) vs. time of sintered and 3D-printed materials. In vitro antimicrobial tests were performed against the bacterial strains Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecium DSM 13590, and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212; and the yeast strain Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019. The antimicrobial effects were found to depend on the tested samples and microbes, with E. faecium being the most resistant and E. coli the most susceptible.     

Photosensitized oxidation of phosphatidylethanolamines monitored by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

Photodynamic therapy combines visible light and a photosensitizer (PS) in the presence of molecular oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species able to modify biological structures such as phospholipids. Phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), being major phospholipid constituents of mammalian cells and membranes of Gram‐negative bacteria, are potential targets of photosensitization. In this work, the oxidative modifications induced by white light in combination with cationic porphyrins (Tri‐Py⁺‐Me‐PF and Tetra‐Py⁺‐Me) were evaluated on PE standards. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) were used to identify and characterize the oxidative modifications induced in PEs (POPE: PE 16:0/18:1, PLPE: PE 16:0/18:2, PAPE: PE 16:0/20:4). Photo‐oxidation products of POPE, PLPE and PAPE as hydroxy, hydroperoxy and keteno derivatives and products due to oxidation in ethanolamine polar head were identified. Hydroperoxy‐PEs were found to be the major photo‐oxidation products. Quantification of hydroperoxides (PE‐OOH) allowed differentiating the potential effect in photodamage of the two porphyrins. The highest amounts of PE‐OOH were notorious in the presence of Tri‐Py⁺‐Me‐PF, a highly efficient PS against bacteria. The identification of these modifications in PEs is an important key point in the understanding cell damage processes underlying photodynamic therapy approaches. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Bioinspired Peptide in TIR Protein as Recognition Molecule on Electrochemical Biosensors for the Detection of E. coli O157:H7 in an Aqueous Matrix

Currently, the detection of pathogens such as Escherichia coli through instrumental alternatives with fast response and excellent sensitivity and selectivity are being studied. Biosensors are systems consisting of nanomaterials and biomolecules that exhibit remarkable properties such as simplicity, portable, affordable, user‑friendly, and deliverable to end‑users. For this, in this work we report for the first time, to our knowledge, the bioinformatic design of a new peptide based on TIR protein, a receptor of Intimin membrane protein which is characteristic of E. coli. This peptide (named PEPTIR‑1.0) was used as recognition element in a biosensor based on AuNPs‑modified screen‑printed electrodes for the detection of E. coli. The morphological and electrochemical characteristics of the biosensor obtained were studied. Results show that the biosensor can detect the bacteria with limits of detection and quantification of 2 and 6 CFU/mL, respectively. Moreover, the selectivity of the system is statistically significant towards the detection of the pathogen in the presence of other microorganisms such as P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. This makes this new PEPTIR‑1.0 based biosensor can be used in the rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of E. coli in aqueous matrices.     

Bee Bread Can Alleviate Lipid Abnormalities and Impaired Bone Morphology in Obese Zucker Diabetic Rats

This study examined for the first time whether bee bread (BB, consisting of monofloral rape bee pollen) could alleviate lipid derangements and reduced bone quality in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, which are considered an appropriate animal model for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) investigation. Adult ZDF rats were segregated into four groups: lean non-diabetic rats (L group), obese diabetic rats untreated (C group), and those treated with the BB at two doses (500 and 700 mg/kg body weight, respectively, B1 and B2 groups) for 10 weeks. Significantly reduced levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride were recorded in the B2 group versus the C group. In both BB-treated groups, significantly increased relative volume of trabecular bone and trabecular thickness, enhanced density of secondary osteons, accelerated periosteal bone apposition, and improved blood flow were observed. A positive effect of higher dose of BB on femoral weight and cortical bone thickness was also demonstrated. Our results suggest a promising potential of BB to ameliorate T2DM-related complications associated with lipid and bone damages.     

Design and synthesis of a bismethylsulfanyl-steroid-azetyl butanol derivative from 2-nitroestradiol

Several studies for the synthesis of polycyclic derivatives have been reported; however, there is little information on the preparation of steroid-polycyclic derivatives. In this way, the aim of this study was to synthesize a bismethylsulfanyl-steroid-azetyl butanol derivative (compound 10 ) from 2-nitroestrone. The chemical structure was evaluated through both ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR or spectroscopic analysis. The results showed a good yielding from 10 . It is noteworthy that the reagents used in this investigation are not expensive and do not require special conditions for handling.     

Characterization of strain rate effects in sheet laser forming

This work presents numerical simulations and experimental validation of sheet laser forming processes using a single-step straight path with different laser beam powers (four levels ranging from 30 W to 120 W) and scanning speeds (four levels ranging from 5 mm/s to 20 mm/s) in graphite-coated AISI 304 stainless steel 0.6-mm-thick sheets. The numerical simulations of these cases are performed via a coupled thermomechanical finite element formulation accounting for large strains, temperature-dependent material properties and convection–radiation phenomena. Firstly, a rate-independent plastic model is used. Although this model adequately predicts the final bending angle for the cases achieving relatively low maximum temperatures, i.e. cases with low laser beam powers and high scanning speeds, it fails in describing the deformation pattern for the cases with higher maximum temperatures, i.e. cases with high laser beam powers and low scanning speeds. Secondly, in order to overcome this drawback, a rate-dependent viscoplastic model including a stress-dependent viscosity law is proposed to simulate the same cases. The final bending angles provided by this model are found to be in good agreement with the experimental measurements for the whole ranges of laser beam power and scanning speed studied in this work. Therefore, the use of this viscoplastic model in the simulation of sheet laser forming allows us to conclude that the strain rate effects, which mainly play a relevant role at high temperatures, can be adequately characterized.     

Preparation and properties of new co-crystals of ibandronate with gluco- or galactopyranoside derivatives

Mixtures of ibandronate monosodium salt with eleven gluco- and/or galacto-pyranoside derivatives as counterions were designed to prepare co-crystals with improved intestinal absorption. In general, gastrointestinal absorption of bisphosphonates after oral administration is approximately 1%. Co-crystals were generated by means of thermodynamically and/or kinetically controlled crystallization processes. Seventy-seven prepared samples were analyzed by means of FT-NIR, FT-Raman spectrometry and solid state NMR spectroscopy. New entities of ibandronate monosodium salt with phenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside were found and characterized. The absorption of these potential new co-crystals was investigated by means of PAMPA experiments. In the present study the relationships between the chemical structures of the studied compounds required for co-crystal generation are discussed.