Electrical characteristics of an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer

Current-voltage characteristics have been measured for an AEI ES200B X-ray photoelectron spectrometer with both conducting and insulating samples. With the conducting sample, the flux of secondary electrons falling on the specimen and probe amounts to approximately 20 percent of the photoelectron flux, over a wide range of irradiation conditions. The results for the insulating sample, taken in conjunction with subsidiary data from charging shifts, indicate that the secondary flux incident on the specimen alone exceeds 99 percent of the photoelectron flux.     

Exceptional points in atomic spectra

We report the existence of exceptional points for the hydrogen atom in crossed magnetic and electric fields in numerical calculations. The resonances of the system are investigated and it is shown how exceptional points can be found by exploiting characteristic properties of the degeneracies, which are branch point singularities. A possibility for the observation of exceptional points in an experiment with atoms is proposed.     

Electromagnetic properties of open and closed overmoded slow-waveresonators for interaction with relativistic electron beams

Specific slow wave structures are needed in order to produce coherent Cherenkov radiation in overmoded relativistic generators. The electromagnetic characteristics of such slow wave, resonant, finite length structures commonly used in relativistic backward wave oscillators have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. In experiments, perturbation techniques were used to study both the fundamental and higher order symmetric transverse magnetic (TM) modes. Finite length effects lead to end reflections and quantization of the wave number. The effects of end reflections in open slow wave structures were found from the spectral broadening of the discrete resonances of the different axial modes. The measured axial and radial field distributions are in excellent agreement with the results of a 2-D code developed for the calculation of the fields in these structures     

Orthomanganated arenes in synthesis VII. Transition-metal mediated formation of a P?P bond; the X-ray crystal structure of Mn2(μ-η1, η1-Ph2PPPh2)(μ-Cl)2(CO)6

The reaction of PPh₂Cl with orthomanganated acetophenone, 2′-CH₃C(O)C₆H₄Mn(CO)₄, gives Mn₂(μ-η₁,η¹-Ph₂PPPh₂)(μ-Cl)₂(CO)₆. An X-ray structure determination [triclinic, space group P1 , a = 10.908(4) Å, b = 11.756(3) Å, c = 12.186(3) Å, α = 96.20(2)°, β = 99.51(2)°, γ = 96.52(2)°] shows two Mn(CO)₃ groups held together by two bridging Cl ligands, and further bridged by a Ph₂P? PPh₂ group prepared in situ.     

Extraction chromatographic separation of carrier-free Tb and Pm generated in (p,xn)-type nuclear reactions

The nuclear reactions of (p, xn)-type, E_p=100–120 MeV, on Gd and Nd have been used to produce highly radioactive preparations of Tb and Pm enriched with neutron-deficient isotopes. Under comparable conditions the yields of practically all isotopes are considerably higher than in Tb and Gd spallation reactions at E_p=660 MeV. The radioactivity of screened¹⁵⁴Tb and¹⁵⁶Tb isotopes has been increased more than 40 times. Tb and Pm were separated from gram amounts of the target-elements by the extraction chromatography technique with undiluted di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid as stationary phase. The radiochemical method developed was also applied to separate the radiochemically pure preparation of¹⁶¹Tb from Gd oxide irradiated with thermal neutrons.     

Semiclassical quantization of three-dimensional quasi-Landau resonances under strong-field mixing

Three-dimensional “regular” quasi-Landau resonances, recently discovered experimentally in the Balmer spectrum of the highly excited hydrogen atom around the ionization limit in external static homogeneous magnetic fields, are investigated theoretically by extending previous classical trajectory calculations to semi-classically. Employing the EBK-method for multidimensional non-separable systems, closed trajectories of the excited electron with the proton as origin are quantized by numerical quadrature of the two-dimensional EBK-integral in cylindrical coordinates. The results are resonances with quantum numbersn=1, 2,... for each closed classical trajectory as functions of both the excitation energyE and field strengthB. The calculations include in particular also the classically chaotic region around the ionization limit with experimentally accessible fields, just the region which has so far defied exact quantum mechanical solution. Based on simple physical arguments for the motion of the highly excited electron, an analytic relation is derived for the (E, B)-dependence of the regular three-dimensional resonances which fits quantitatively the numerical EBK-results.     

Determination of one-dimensional crystal structures using the double Patterson function

The properties and previous use of the double Patterson function in x-ray crystallography are briefly reviewed followed by an account of a new iterative technique, based on the double Patterson, which is being developed by the author. The technique starts with an approximation to the double Patterson which does not require phases, then improves the approximation by making it conform to the known projections and known magnitudes of the Fourier coefficients. The latter are 3-phase structure invariants and estimating their phases is an important step in the direct determination of structure factor phases. Tests carried out on one-dimensional centro-symmetric structures show that the technique is successful. At best, it determines correct phases for all 3-phase invariants. At worst, it fails to improve on the estimate of all phases being zero. It consistently does very much better than the B_{3, 0} formula which is also based on the double Patterson. Further development is necessary to apply the technique to non-centrosymmetric structures and to real structures in three dimensions.