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11.
Most adhesives and binders, including bitumen for asphalt mixture production, are presently produced from petrochemicals after
the refining of crude oil. The fact that crude oil reserves are a finite resource means that in the future, it may become
necessary to produce these materials from alternative and probably renewable sources. Suitable resources of this kind may
include polysaccharides, plant oils and proteins. This paper deals with the synthesis of polymer binders from monomers that
could, in future, be derived from renewable resources. These binders consist of polyethyl acrylate (PEA) of different molecular
weight, polymethyl acrylate (PMA) and polybutyl acrylate (PBA), which were synthesised from ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate
and butyl acrylate, respectively, by atom transfer radical polymerisation. The rheological properties of these binders were
determined by means of oscillatory testing using a dynamic shear rheometer and combinations of stress/strain, temperature
and frequency sweeps. The results indicate that PEA can be produced to have rheological properties similar to that of ‘soft’
100/150 penetration grade bitumen, PMA with similar rheological properties to that of ‘hard’ 10/20 penetration grade bitumen,
while PBA, due to its highly viscous nature and low dynamic moduli, cannot be used on its own as a binder. The synthetic polymers
were found to be thermo-rheologically simple, and the shift factors, used to produce the dynamic moduli master curves, were
found to fit an Arrhenius function. 相似文献
12.
A variety of aromatic amines are oxidized to their corresponding quinones in excellent yields by supported iodic acid under microwave irradiation and solvent free conditions. 相似文献
13.
Although pentamethylene sulfide (tetrahydrothiopyran) lacks acidic hydrogen, OsVIII has been found to catalyze its oxidation by alkaline K3Fe(CN)6 to produce 3-hydroxypentamethylene sulfide as the only product. The kinetics reveal first-order dependence on ferricyanide and OsVIII, and zero order on pentamethylene sulfide and OH–. The effects of introduced electrolytes, K4Fe(CN)6, relative permittivity and temperature have also been studied. On the basis of kinetic evidence, a mechanism that involves anation of the osmium catalyst (sulfide/water interchange) followed by intramolecular proton abstraction, followed by an electron transfer step has been proposed and discussed. 相似文献
14.
The aim of this paper is to present two different approachs in order to obtain an existence result to the so-called quadrature
surface free boundary problem. The first one requires the shape derivative calculus while the second one depends strongly
on the compatibility condition of the Neumann problem. A necessary and sufficient condition of existences is given in the
radial case. 相似文献
15.
Heterometallic molecular chromium wheels are fascinating new magnetic materials. We reexamine the available experimental susceptibility data on MCr7 wheels in terms of a simple isotropic Heisenberg Hamiltonian for M=Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn and find in that FeCr7 needs to be described with an iron–chromium exchange that is different from all other cases. In a second step we model the behavior of the proton spin lattice relaxation rate as a function of applied magnetic field for low temperatures as it is measured in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. It appears that CuCr7 and NiCr7 show an unexpectedly reduced relaxation rate at certain level crossings. 相似文献
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A range of room temperature 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of imines of 2-amino-γ-lactone and thiolactone, catalysed by a combination of AgOAc or Ag2O with NEt3 or DBU, are described. The spiro lactones/thiolactones are formed regio- and stereoselectively as single cycloadducts in good yield via the syn dipoles and an endo-transition states. 相似文献
19.
Syed A. Ali Mohammed A. Siddiqui and Mohammed A. Ali 《Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters》2005,87(1):199-206
Summary A parametric study of catalytic reforming process in a pilot plant was carried out by varying the pressure, H2/HC ratio, and space velocity. The results show that lower aromatics and higher hydrogen yields can be accomplished by increasing
the space velocity in existing reformers, which will also result in better C5+yield. 相似文献
20.
AbstractA convergent synthesis of the southern furan segment of novel furanocembranoids from Croton oblongifolius has been accomplished involving silver-catalyzed cyclization of alkynyl diol as the key step towards 2, 5-disubstituted furan ring formation. 相似文献