Modeling of the diffraction pattern of 1D-disordered silicon carbide

A method for calculating the diffraction pattern of a 1D-disordered crystal structure is considered by the example of silicon carbide. One-dimensional disordering is described using a cell setting the mutual position of all close-packed crystal layers. Two models of structure disordering during the polytypic transformation of the silicon carbide cubic modification into hexagonal are discussed. The results of the calculation of the diffraction spectrum in different stages of polytypic transformation are reported. It is shown that 1D disordering leads to the formation of a set of weak diffraction reflections. The experimentally observed changes in the diffraction pattern can be interpreted within the hypothesis on crystal structure disordering through displacement of adjacent close-packed layers.     

Growth of Sb-Bi gradient single crystals

The growth conditions and structural quality of Sb-Bi gradient single crystals with Bi content from 2 to 18 at %, grown by the Czochralski method with solid phase feed, are investigated. Bi distribution in the crystals along their pulling direction are studied by electron probe microanalysis and the change in the interplanar spacing is analyzed by double-crystal X-ray diffraction. It is established that the pulling rate and feed mass affect the Bi distribution in Sb-Bi single crystals.     

Effect of Pressure on Fluid Damping in MEMS Torsional Resonators with Flow Ranging from Continuum to Molecular Regime

High quality factor of dynamic structures at micro and nano scale is exploited in various applications of micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and nano electro-mechanical system. The quality factor of such devices can be very high in vacuum. However, when vacuum is not desirable or not possible, the tiny structures must vibrate in air or some other gas at pressure levels that may vary from atmospheric to low vacuum. The interaction of the surrounding fluid with the vibrating structure leads to dissipation, thus bringing down the quality factor. Depending on the ambient fluid pressure or the gap between the vibrating and the fixed structure, the fluid motion can range from continuum flow to molecular flow giving a wide range of dissipation. The relevant fluid flow characteristics are determined by the Knudsen number which is the ratio of the mean free path of the gas molecule to the characteristic flow length of the device. This number is very small for continuum flow and reasonably big for molecular flow. In this paper, we study the effect of fluid pressure on the quality factor by carrying out experiments on a MEMS device that consists of a double gimbaled torsional resonator. Such devices are commonly used in optical cross-connects and switches. We only vary fluid pressure to make the Knudsen number go through the entire range of continuum flow, slip flow, transition flow, and molecular flow. We experimentally determine the quality factor of the torsional resonator at different air pressures ranging from 760 Torr to 0.001 Torr. The variation of this pressure over six orders of magnitude ensures required rarefaction to range over all flow conditions. Finally, we get the variation of quality factor with pressure. The result indicates that the quality factor, Q, follows a power law, Q ∝P ^–r , with different values of the exponent r in different flow regimes. In the second part of the paper, we propose the use of effective viscosity for considering velocity slip conditions in solving Navier–Stokes equation numerically. This concept is validated with analytical results for a simple case and then compared with the experimental results presented in this paper. The study shows that the effective viscosity concept can be used effectively even for the molecular regime if the air-gap to length ratio is sufficiently small (h ₀/L<0.01). As this ratio increases, the range of validity decreases.     

Iteration scheme for accelerometer unit calibration by a guaranteeing approach

Methods for accelerometer unit calibration are usually based on sufficiently strict requirements on the knowledge of the gravity orientation with respect to the unit (of the order of fractions of an arc minute). But it is not always possible to know the orientation with such high accuracy. In the present paper, we consider an approach to accelerometer unit calibration for whose implementation it suffices to have rough angular information (of the order of tens of arc minutes). We use a guaranteeing approach to calculate optimal schemes calibration experiments and propose an iterative scheme of calibration.     

The energy momentum tensor in the presence of body forces and the Peach–Koehler force on a dislocation

A modified energy momentum tensor, in the presence of body forces, is introduced and used to construct the nonconserved J, M, and L integrals, and to derive the energetic forces associated with a defect motion within the material. The J integral is then applied to evaluate the Peach–Koehler force on an inclined edge dislocation within a large block due to its own weight. The equilibrium position of the dislocation is determined for different boundary conditions of interest in geomechanics.     

Adsorption of the Cu<Superscript>2+</Superscript> ions from aqueous solutions on the active carbon oxidized with hydrogen peroxide and impregnated with nitrogen-containing compounds

Adsorption of the copper ions from aqueous solutions, benzene, and water on the active carbon obtained by chemical activation from walnut shells was studied. The active carbon was additionally oxidized with hydrogen peroxide and then impregnated with nitrogen-containing compounds. As a result of impregnation with melamine, a secondary porosity is formed within the oxidized active carbon, leading to an increase in the specific surface of the sorbent. A modified carbon surface is heterogeneous, and the carbons themselves exhibit catalytic activity in the oxidation of luminol and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.     

Rearrangements during nitrosodecarboxylation of isomeric dibromohydroxybenzoic acids

The reaction of 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, its sodium salt, and also sodium 3,5-dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoate with NaNO₂ in a glacial acetic acid at room temperature led to the formation of a mixture of dibromonitrophenol resulting from nitrosodecarboxylation accompanied by a rearrangement processes and followed by oxidation of the arising nitrosophenols.