Additive global noise delays Turing bifurcations

We apply a stochastic center manifold method to the calculation of noise-induced phase transitions in the stochastic Swift-Hohenberg equation. This analysis is applied to the reduced mode equations that result from Fourier decomposition of the field variable and of the temporal noise. The method shows a pitchfork bifurcation at lower perturbation order, but reveals a novel additive-noise-induced postponement of the Turing bifurcation at higher order. Good agreement is found between the theory and the numerics for both the reduced and the full system. The results are generalizable to a broad class of nonlinear spatial systems.     

A general model for the effective viscosity of pseudoplastic and dilatant fluids

Summary A new and very general expression is proposed for correlation of data for the effective viscosity of pseudoplastic and dilatant fluids as a function of the shear stress. Most of the models which have been proposed previously are shown to be special cases of this expression. A straightforward procedure is outlined for evaluation of the arbitrary constants.

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Zusammenfassung Eine neue und sehr allgemeine Formel wird für die Korrelation der Werte der effektiven Viskosität von strukturviskosen und dilatanten Flüssigkeiten in Abhängigkeit von der Schubspannung vorgeschlagen. Die meisten schon früher vorgeschlagenen Methoden werden hier als Spezialfälle dieser Gleichung gezeigt. Ein einfaches Verfahren für die Auswertung der willkürlichen Konstanten wird beschrieben.

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Nomenclature b arbitrary constant inSisko model (eq. [5]) - n arbitrary exponent in eq. [1] - x independent variable - y(x) dependent variable - y ₀(x) limiting behavior of dependent variable asx 0 - y(x) limiting behavior of dependent variable asx - z original dependent variable - arbitrary constant inSisko model (eq. [5]) andBird-Sisko model (eq. [6]) - arbitrary exponent in eqs. [2] and [8] - effective viscosity = shear stress/rate of shear - _A effective viscosity at = _A - _B empirical constant in eqs. [2] and [8] - ₀ limiting value of effective viscosity as 0 - ₀() limiting behavior of effective viscosity as 0 - limiting value of effective viscosity as - () limiting behavior of effective viscosity as - rate of shear - arbitrary constant inBird-Sisko model (eq.[6]) - shear stress - _A arbitrary constant in eqs. [2] and [8] - ₀ shear stress at inBingham model - _1/2 shear stress at = ( ₀ + )/2 With 8 figures     

Real-Space Renormalization Estimates for Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media

We present a spatial renormalization group algorithm to handle immiscibletwo-phase flow in heterogeneous porous media. We call this algorithmFRACTAM-R, where FRACTAM is an acronym for Fast Renormalization Algorithmfor Correlated Transport in Anisotropic Media, and the R stands for relativepermeability. Originally, FRACTAM was an approximate iterative process thatreplaces the L × L lattice of grid blocks, representing the reservoir,by a (L/2) × (L/2) one. In fact, FRACTAM replaces the original L× L lattice by a hierarchical (fractal) lattice, in such a way thatfinding the solution of the two-phase flow equations becomes trivial. Thistriviality translates in practice into computer efficiency. For N=L ×L grid blocks we find that the computer time necessary to calculatefractional flow F(t) and pressure P(t) as a function of time scales as N^1.7 for FRACTAM-R. This should be contrasted with thecomputational time of a conventional grid simulator N^2.3. The solution we find in this way is an accurateapproximation to the direct solution of the original problem.     

Contrôle par rotation ou par aspiration de l'écoulement autour d'un cylindre calculé par Simulation des Grandes Échelles

Control of the flow around a circular cylinder is studied using Large Eddy Simulation. The influence of control by rotation and suction on the flow characteristics is considered for several Reynolds numbers. Comparisons with experiments were conducted at $\mathit{Re}={10}^5$ for the flow with and without control. A drag reduction up to 30% is obtained for an usual suction intensity. To cite this article: G. Fournier et al., C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).     

Iron‐Catalyzed C(sp2)H and C(sp3)H Methylations of Amides and Anilides

The so‐called magic methyl effect significantly boosts the bioactivities and physical properties of pharmacologically active drugs. Direct introduction of the methyl group by C?H activation was accomplished with a versatile iron catalyst, which enabled the C?H methylation of (hetero)benzamides, anilides, alkenes, and even alkanes by triazole assistance in a chemo‐, site‐ and diastereo‐selective fashion.     

Non-Pincer-Type Manganese Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Esters

Catalytic hydrogenation of carboxylic acid esters is essential for the green production of pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and fine chemicals. Herein, we report the efficient hydrogenation of esters with manganese catalysts based on simple bidentate aminophosphine ligands. Monoligated Mn PN complexes are particularly active for the conversion of esters into the corresponding alcohols at Mn concentrations as low as 0.2 mol % in the presence of sub-stoichiometric amounts of KO^tBu base.     

Universal arcs in local tournaments

An arc $uv$ of a digraph $D$ is called universal if $uv$ and $w$ are in a common cycle for any vertex $w$ of $D$. In this paper we characterize local tournaments whose every arc is universal.     

Self-assembled nanotubes and helical tapes from diacetylene nonionic amphiphiles. Structural studies before and after polymerization

We synthesized new amphiphiles comprised of a single diacetylenic chain and an oligoethylenoxide polar chain linked by an amide bond. In aqueous medium, they are not soluble at room temperature but form weak gels. Electron microscopy studies have shown that they self-assemble into helical tapes or nanotubes with lengths of several micrometers, and inner and outer diameters of 50 ± 1 and 59 ± 1 nm, respectively. The wall has a thickness of 10 ± 1 nm for both kinds of objects and has an amphiphile bilayer structure. The hydrophobic chains are ordered, and the amide groups are linked with each other by H-bonds. The dissociation of the tubes is a first-order transition with an enthalpy of ca. 40 kJ mol(-1). The nanotubes were photopolymerized to yield purple solutions consisting of helical tapes and almost flat ribbons. The polymers exhibit irreversible thermochromism upon heating.     

Assessment of the photoprotection properties of sunscreens by chromatographic measurement of DNA damage in skin explants

Evaluation of the photoprotection provided by sunscreens is performed either through the induction of erythema and expressed as the sun protection factor (SPF), or by the UVA-mediated persistent pigment darkening (PPD). None of these two endpoints has a link with skin cancer, the most deleterious consequence of excess exposure to solar UV radiation. We thus set up a complementary approach to evaluate the protection provided by sunscreens to the genome of human skin. This is based on the quantification of the thymine cyclobutane dimer (TT-CPD), the main DNA lesion induced by both UVB and UVA radiations. Irradiations were performed ex vivo on human skin explants and the level of TT-CPD in DNA was determined by HPLC associated with tandem mass spectrometry. The technique was first optimized and validated with three standard sunscreens. The study was then extended to the evaluation of a commercial high SPF sunscreen exhibiting efficient UVA photoprotection. The DNA protecting factor was found to reflect the ratio between UVB and UVA photoprotection, although the absolute values of the genomic protection were, as a general trend, lower than either SPF or PPD. These data show the usefulness of the proposed approach for the evaluation of the genoprotection afforded by sunscreens.