全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2986篇 |
免费 | 119篇 |
国内免费 | 11篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 2137篇 |
晶体学 | 31篇 |
力学 | 53篇 |
数学 | 413篇 |
物理学 | 482篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 23篇 |
2021年 | 30篇 |
2020年 | 86篇 |
2019年 | 61篇 |
2018年 | 35篇 |
2017年 | 20篇 |
2016年 | 53篇 |
2015年 | 71篇 |
2014年 | 77篇 |
2013年 | 122篇 |
2012年 | 113篇 |
2011年 | 158篇 |
2010年 | 72篇 |
2009年 | 79篇 |
2008年 | 134篇 |
2007年 | 123篇 |
2006年 | 102篇 |
2005年 | 132篇 |
2004年 | 119篇 |
2003年 | 76篇 |
2002年 | 80篇 |
2001年 | 69篇 |
2000年 | 59篇 |
1999年 | 41篇 |
1998年 | 51篇 |
1997年 | 48篇 |
1996年 | 42篇 |
1995年 | 56篇 |
1994年 | 39篇 |
1993年 | 47篇 |
1992年 | 52篇 |
1991年 | 61篇 |
1990年 | 49篇 |
1989年 | 36篇 |
1988年 | 39篇 |
1987年 | 33篇 |
1986年 | 32篇 |
1985年 | 42篇 |
1984年 | 30篇 |
1983年 | 20篇 |
1982年 | 23篇 |
1981年 | 30篇 |
1980年 | 32篇 |
1979年 | 24篇 |
1978年 | 36篇 |
1977年 | 35篇 |
1976年 | 26篇 |
1975年 | 22篇 |
1974年 | 24篇 |
1973年 | 28篇 |
排序方式: 共有3116条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
Most p-block metal amides irreversibly react with metal alkoxides when subjected to alcohols, making reversible transformations with OH-substrates a challenging task. Herein, we describe how the combination of a Lewis acidic square-planar-coordinated aluminum(iii) center with metal–ligand cooperativity leverages unconventional reactivity toward protic substrates. Calix[4]pyrrolato aluminate performs OH-bond activation of primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic and aromatic alcohols, which can be fully reversed under reduced pressure. The products exhibit a new form of metal–ligand cooperative amphoterism and undergo counterintuitive substitution reactions of a polar covalent Al–O bond by a dative Al–N bond. A comprehensive mechanistic picture of all processes is buttressed by isolation of intermediates, spectroscopy, and computation. This study delineates how structural constraints can invert thermodynamics for seemingly simple addition reactions and invert common trends in bond energies.The combination of structural constraint and metal–ligand cooperativity in calix[4]pyrrolato aluminate inverts common trends of bond energies and enables reversible OH-bond activation. 相似文献
102.
Vlaar MJ Lor MH Ehlers AW Schakel M Lutz M Spek AL Lammertsma K 《The Journal of organic chemistry》2002,67(8):2485-2493
Six novel dispirophosphirane complexes have been synthesized from the reaction of bicycloalkylidenes with the electrophilic phosphinidene complex PhPW(CO)(5). They contain a central phosphirane ring, which is spirofused on one side to a cyclopropane or cyclobutane ring and on the other side with a three-, four-, five-, or six-membered ring. Their crystal structures and MP2/6-31G-computed geometries for simplified parent systems suggest that spirofusion with small rings results in a tightening of the central three-membered phosphaheterocycle, while spirofusion with larger rings results in a relaxation of the phosphirane geometry. Similar theoretical predictions are made for the corresponding annulated hydrocarbons. Strain energies for both the hydrocarbon and phosphorus series of structures have been calculated at G3(MP2). Whereas the [3]triangulane hydrocarbon and phospha[3]triangulane have a significant excess strain of 8.1 and 5.2 kcal/mol per spiroatom, respectively, the excess strain for systems spirofused with larger rings are negligible for the hydrocarbons and even negative for the phosphorus-containing species because of hyperconjugative stabilization. 相似文献
103.
Crystal Structures of MgCrO4-type Li2VCl4 and Spinel-type Li2MgCl4 and Li2CdCl4 The crystal structures of the ternary lithium chlorides Li2MCl4 (M = Mg, V, Cd) have been determined firstly by X-ray single-crystal experiments. Li2MgCl4 and Li2CdCl4 crystallize in an inverse spinel structure (space group Fd3 m, Z = 8, a = 1 040.1(2) and 1 062.06(9) pm, structural parameters u = 0.25699(2) and 0.2550(1), R = 1.7 and 3.7% for 218 and 211 unique reflections). The Li? Cl distances of the tetrahedrally coordinated Li+ ions are significantly greater than calculated with Shannon's crystal radii ( > 238 ± 1 instead of 233 pm). Contrary to the results of X-ray powder data reported in the literature, Li2VCl4 crystallizes in the distorted spinel structure of MgCr2O4 type (space group F4 3m, Z = 8, a = 1 037.49(2) pm, R = 5.9% for 217 unique reflections). The decrease of the site symmetry of the octahedrally coordinated ions (V2+, Li+) from 3 m to 3m resulting in contracted and widened tetrahedral M4 entities of the spinel structure is obviously caused by V? V metal—metal bonds (shortest V? V distance 366.2(7) pm). 相似文献
104.
S. Barlag H. Becker A. Bożek T. Böhringer M. Bosman V. Castillo V. Chabaud C. Damerell C. Daum H. Dietl A. Gillman R. Gilmore T. Gooch L. Görlich P. Gras Z. Hajduk E. Higon D. P. Kelsey R. Klanner S. Kwan B. Lücking G. Lütjens G. Lutz J. Malos W. Männer E. Neugebauer H. Pałka M. Pepé J. Richardson K. Rybicki H. J. Seebrunner U. Stierlin H. G. Tiecke G. Waltermann S. Watts P. Weilhammer F. Wickens L. W. Wiggers M. Witek T. Zeludziewicz 《Zeitschrift fur Physik C Particles and Fields》1992,55(3):383-390
We combine highly complementary information on branching fractions of charmed mesonsD 0,D + andD s + coming from two experiments both yielding doublecharm samples. The NA 32 experiment provided exclusive branching fractions for channels with at least two charged decay products while a recent Mark III paper provides results on inclusive charm decay properties. The knowledge of channels withK 0's in the former is used to recalculate the charged multiplicity distribution in the latter. We obtain 〈n ch〉=2.25±0.08 forD 0, 〈n ch〉=1.96±0.08 forD + and 〈n ch〉=2.41±0.38 forD s + . In turn the knowledge of the charged multiplicity improves the overall normalization of exclusive branching fractions. This reanalysis yields model-independent results for charmed mesons. In particular we obtain branching fractions for 16D s + decay channels including $$BF(D_s^ + \to \phi \pi ^ + ) = \left( {4.4\begin{array}{*{20}c} { + 2.3} \\ { - 1.8} \\ \end{array} } \right)\% .$$ . 相似文献
105.
106.
107.
The determination of carbonyl compounds in gaseous samples is usually accomplished by enrichment methods, in which 2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazine (DNPH) as a derivatization reagent has become established to a large extent. However, the conventional methods of DNPH-impingers and of DNPH-cartridges are applicable to emission measurements in a limited way only, depending on the NO2-concentration in the exhaust gas. It could be proved that DNPH-derivatives, as well as DNPH, are also decomposed by NO2 at a different speed, in which the hydrazones of unsaturated carbonyl compounds are probably more sensitive than those of the saturated carbonyl compounds. In view of this fact, the collecting methods had to be modified to avoid losses with the enrichment. The analysis of the compounds is carried out by HPLC with an effective gradient-system which is able to separate and detect the carbonyl compounds in exhaust gas within 16 min. Furthermore, a simple working-up procedure is presented which facilitates a parallel analysis by GC. 相似文献
108.
McColl IH Blanch EW Gill AC Rhie AG Ritchie MA Hecht L Nielsen K Barron LD 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2003,125(33):10019-10026
The vibrational Raman optical activity (ROA) spectrum of a polypeptide in a model beta-sheet conformation, that of poly(l-lysine), was measured for the first time, and the alpha-helix --> beta-sheet transition monitored as a function of temperature in H(2)O and D(2)O. Although no significant population of a disordered backbone state was detected at intermediate temperatures, some side chain bands not present in either the alpha-helix or beta-sheet state were observed. The observation of ROA bands in the extended amide III region assigned to beta-turns suggests that, under our experimental conditions, beta-sheet poly(L-lysine) contains up-and-down antiparallel beta-sheets based on the hairpin motif. The ROA spectrum of beta-sheet poly(L-lysine) was compared with ROA data on a number of native proteins containing different types of beta-sheet. Amide I and amide II ROA band patterns observed in beta-sheet poly(L-lysine) are different from those observed in typical beta-sheet proteins and may be characteristic of an extended flat multistranded beta-sheet, which is unlike the more irregular and twisted beta-sheet found in most proteins. However, a reduced isoform of the truncated ovine prion protein PrP(94-233) that is rich in beta-sheet shows amide I and amide II ROA bands similar to those of beta-sheet poly(L-lysine), which suggests that the C-terminal domain of the prion protein is able to support unusually flat beta-sheets. A principal component analysis (PCA) that identifies protein structural types from ROA band patterns provides a useful representation of the structural relationships among the polypeptide and protein states considered in the study. 相似文献
109.
SGTx1 is a new neurotoxin from the venom of Scodra griseipes. Because of the small quantity of this natural peptide available, mass spectrometry was used to obtain information on its higher-order structure. The kinetics of reduction by 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT) was monitored by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS), and showed that one of the three disulfide bridges was appreciably more accessible to the DTT. Studies based on the charge state distribution (CSD) and H/D exchange of the non-reduced peptide, under neutral and acidic conditions, were performed using electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS). In neutral solution, SGTx1 showed a maximum charge state of four compared with seven potentially protonated basic residues, and all labile hydrogens were exchanged. However, under acidic conditions, a maximum charge state of only five was observed, and four of the labile hydrogens could not be deuterated. These observations are interpreted in terms of a rigid structure maintained by the disulfide bridges, which can be temporarily relaxed by disulfide bridge scrambling only at higher pH values. 相似文献
110.
NaM2OH(SO3)2 · 1 H2O with M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn. A New Class of Basic Sulfites Hitherto unknown hydroxide sulfites of the type NaM2OH(SO3)2 · 1 H2O with M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn have been obtained by crystallization from aqueous sulfite solutions containing Na+ and M2+ ions. Crystal structure, IR and Raman data, and the results of thermoanalytical studies are reported and discussed. The hydroxide sulfites show a strongly anisotropic thermal expansion due to the layer structure and exhibit an unusually high thermal stability compared to other solid hydrates. The magnesium compound, for example, decomposes at 355°C. The crystal data of the triclinic compounds see “Inhaltsübersicht”. 相似文献