Sorbed water on polymers near 0 °C

Summary Sorption of water has been measured for polyacrylonitrile, polymethylmethacrylate, and atactic and isotactic polystyrene over a range of temperatures from negative to positive degrees centigrade and for polyvinylpyrrolidone at −2 °C, +7 °C and +10 °C. The isosteric heats and differential molar entropies as function of coverage show in the cases of polyacrylonitrile and polymethylmethacrylate that water below monolayer coverage is less strongly bound and of less order then condensed water. At about one monolayer coverage, the sorption goes over to condensation of water. Parameters derived from the BET equation are in agreement with the conclusions derived from isosteric heats and entropies of adsorption. Atactic and isotactic polystyrene do not sorb water at all up to a relative pressure of 0.85 but adsorb some water at higher relative pressures. Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a special case, as it is water soluble. The sorption isotherms have a zero temperature coefficient. They are similar to the “isotherm” previously obtained for “bound” water in freezing PVP solutions. The conclusion is reached that water sorbed on or “bound” to PVP has an ice-like structure.

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Zusammenfassung Das Sorbieren von Wasser an Polyacrylonitril, Polymethylmethacrylat, ataktisches und isotaktisches Polystyrol wurde in einem Temperaturgebiet von negativen bis zu positiven Werten (in der N?he von 0 °C) gemessen. Für Polyvinylpyrrolidon wurde es nur bei drei Temperaturen gemessen (−2, +7, +10 °C). Isosterische W?rmen und Entropien wurden als Funktion der Fl?chenbedeckung ausgewertet. Für Polyacrylonitril und Polymethylmethacrylat wurde gezeigt, da? das absorbierte Wasser für Bedeckungen kleiner als eine monomolekulare Schicht schw?cher gebunden ist als Wasser zu kondensiertem Wasser; die Ordnung ist auch kleiner als im kondensierten Wasser. Die Konstanten der BET-Gleichung sind im Einklang mit den Schlüssen, die von den isosterischen W?rmen und von den Adsorptions-Entropien gezogen werden k?nnen. Ataktisches und isotaktisches Polystyrol absorbieren kein Wasser unter einem relativen Druck von 0.85 und nur sehr wenig bei h?heren Drucken. PVP ist ein besonderer Fall, da es wasserl?slich ist. Die Isothermen sind von der Temperatur unabh?ngig. Sie sind der „Isothermen“ ?hnlich, die in einer früheren Arbeit für „gebundenes“ Wasser beim Gefrieren von PVP-L?sungen gefunden wurde. Der Schlu? kann gezogen werden, da? Wasser, das absorbiert oder von PVP gebunden ist, eine Struktur ?hnlich dem Eis aufweist.

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Presented at the 154th National Meeting of the ACS in Chicago, September 1967.     

Intrachain energy transfer in silylene-spaced alternating donor-acceptor divinylarene copolymers

Silylene-spaced donor-acceptor divinylarene copolymers are synthesized by hydrosilylation of bisalkynes 7 with bisvinylsilanes 3; efficient intrachain energy transfer between donor-acceptor chromophores is observed.     

Norbornadiene as an efficient hydrogen scavenger for the palladium-catalyzed conversion of hydrosilanes to alkoxysilanes

A palladium-catalyzed mild and efficient method for the alcoholysis of hydrosilanes containing a C=C bond in the presence of norbornadiene (NBD) is reported. The highly strained NBD acts as a hydrogen scavenger, which abstracts the hydrogen produced during the process, protecting the C=C bond from being hydrogenated.     

The Embedding Theory of Native Spaces

In the theory of radial basis functions, mathematicians use linear combinations of the translates of the radial basis functions as interpolants. The set of these linear combinations is a normed vector space. This space can be completed and become a Hilbert space, called native space, which is of great importance in the last decade. The native space then contains some abstract elements which are not linear combinations of radial basis functions. The meaning of these abstract elements is not fully known. This paper presents some interpretations for the these elements. The native spaces are embedded into some well-known spaces. For example, the Sobolev-space is shown to be a native space. Since many differential equations have solutions in the Sobolev-space, we can therefore approximate the solutions by linear combinations of radial basis functions. Moreover, the famous question of the embedding of the native space into L²() is also solved by the author.     

Monolayer structures of highly photoluminescent furan oligoaryls: an approach to improve packing crystallinity of dithiolated aromatics

We demonstrated that mono- and dithiolated furan-containing oligoaryls (II-IV, see Chart 2) can be successfully synthesized via a one-pot strategy starting from propargylic dithioacetals. IRAS (infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy) and STM (scanning tunneling microscopy) experiments revealed that single-component monolayers of II, III, and IV are essentially disordered, an important property that prevents excited photoluminescent molecules from self-quenching in the organic layers of an OLED device. Surprisingly, localized lattice packing of crystalline dithiolated furan oligoaryls on Au(111) can be assembled by immersing preadsorbed n-dodecanethiol SAMs in the corresponding deposition solutions. The discrepancy in the formation of disordered or localized crystalline structures is discussed. For single-component monolayers, the facile formation of S-Au bonds generates chaotically distributed monolayers in which the arched molecules hinge each other and block the desorptive pathways. The absence of crystalline packing is mainly attributed to the difficulty for the dithiols to simultaneously break two S-Au bonds, to desorb, and then to readsorb, the key step to improve the intermolecular attractions for crystalline SAMs. By preassembling n-dodecanethiol SAMs, the space for dithiolated compounds III and IV to adsorb is limited to domain boundaries or packing defects where crystalline packing of III and IV can grow.