Maximization of Spatial Charge Density: An Approach to Ultrahigh Energy Density of Capacitive Charge Storage

Capacitive energy storage has advantages of high power density, long lifespan, and good safety, but is restricted by low energy density. Inspired by the charge storage mechanism of batteries, a spatial charge density (SCD) maximization strategy is developed to compensate this shortage by densely and neatly packing ionic charges in capacitive materials. A record high SCD (ca. 550 C cm^?3) was achieved by balancing the valance and size of charge‐carrier ions and matching the ion sizes with the pore structure of electrode materials, nearly five times higher than those of conventional ones (ca. 120 C cm^?3). The maximization of SCD was confirmed by Monte Carlo calculations, molecular dynamics simulations, and in situ electrochemical Raman spectroscopy. A full‐cell supercapacitor was further constructed; it delivers an ultrahigh energy density of 165 Wh L^?1 at a power density of 150 WL^?1 and retains 120 Wh L^?1 even at 36 kW L^?1, opening a pathway towards high‐energy‐density capacitive energy storage.     

Combining convolutional neural networks and in‐line near‐infrared spectroscopy for real‐time monitoring of the chromatographic elution process in commercial production of notoginseng total saponins

The chromatographic elution process is a key step in the production of notoginseng total saponins. Due to quality variability of loading samples and resin capacity decreasing over cycle time, saponins, especially the five main saponins of notoginseng total saponins, need to be monitored in real time during the elution process. In this study, convolutional neural networks, one of the most popular deep learning methods, were used to develop quantitative calibration models based on in‐line near‐infrared spectroscopy for notoginsenoside R₁, ginsenosides Rg₁, Re, Rb₁ and Rd, and their sum concentration, with root mean square error of prediction values of 0.87, 2.76, 0.60, 1.57, 0.28, and 4.99 mg/mL, respectively. Partial least squares calibration models were also developed for model performance comparison. Results show predicted concentration profiles outputted by both the convolutional neural network models and partial least squares models show agreements with the real trends defined by reference measurements, and can be used for elution process monitoring and endpoint determination. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case study of combining convolutional neural networks and in‐line near‐infrared spectroscopy for monitoring of the chromatographic elution process in commercial production of botanical drug products.     

A Simple Route to Produce Highly Efficient Porous Carbons Recycled from Tea Waste for High-Performance Symmetric Supercapacitor Electrodes

High-performance porous carbons derived from tea waste were prepared by hydrothermal treatment, combined together with KOH activation. The heat-treatment-processed materials possess an abundant hierarchical structure, with a large specific surface of 2235 m² g⁻¹ and wetting-complemental hydrophilicity for electrolytes. In a two-electrode system, the porous carbon electrodes’ built-in supercapacitor exhibited a high specific capacitance of 256 F g⁻¹ at 0.05 A g⁻¹, an excellent capacitance retention of 95.4% after 10,000 cycles, and a low leakage current of 0.014 mA. In our work, the collective results present that the precursor crafted from the tea waste can be a promising strategy to prepare valuable electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors, which offers a practical strategy to recycle biowastes into manufactured materials in energy storage applications.     

驻波声场中单分散细颗粒的相互作用特性

利用外加声场促进悬浮在气相中的细颗粒发生相互作用,进而引起颗粒的碰撞和凝并,使得颗粒平均粒径增大、数目浓度降低,是控制细颗粒排放的重要技术途径.为探究驻波声场中单分散细颗粒的相互作用,建立包含曳力、重力、声尾流效应的颗粒相互作用模型,采用四阶经典龙格-库塔算法和二阶隐式亚当斯插值算法对模型进行求解.将数值模拟得到的颗粒声波夹带速度和相互作用过程与相应的解析解和实验结果进行对比,验证模型的准确性.进而研究颗粒初始条件和直径对相互作用特性的影响.结果表明,初始时刻颗粒中心连线越接近声波波动方向、颗粒位置越接近波腹点,颗粒间的声尾流效应就越强,颗粒发生碰撞所需要的时间就越短.研究还发现,颗粒直径对颗粒相互作用的影响取决于初始时刻颗粒中心连线偏离声波波动方向的程度.当偏离较小时,颗粒直径越大,颗粒发生碰撞所需要的时间越短;当偏离很大时,直径较小的颗粒能够发生碰撞,而直径较大的颗粒则无法发生碰撞.     

Noninvasive Temperature Measurement in Dental Materials Using Nd3+, Yb3+ Doped Nanoparticles Emitting in the Near Infrared Region

In this work, the application of near infrared (NIR)-emitting NaYbF₄:1%Tm³⁺@NaLuF₄:30%Nd³⁺ core–shell nanoparticles is reported for noninvasive probing and monitoring the temperature during photopolymerization of dental materials. When excited at 808 nm, the synthesized nanoparticles emit NIR photoluminescence (PL) with two distinctive peaks at 865 and 980 nm which correspond to radiative transitions from the doped Nd³⁺ and Yb³⁺ ions, respectively. Luminescence intensity ratio between these two bands is found to vary with temperature due to temperature-dependent electronic excitation energy transfer between Nd³⁺ and Yb³⁺ ions at the core/shell interface. This finding allows luminescence ratiometric evaluation of the in situ temperature during photopolymerization of resin cement (doped with nanoparticles) in a veneer placement procedure. In addition, the NIR emission also enables PL imaging of the distribution of the adhesive under the veneer. The results highlight that rare-earth ions–doped nanoparticles with both excitation and emission in the NIR spectral range are advantageous for both PL-based nanothermometry and imaging due to the reduced attenuation of NIR light by dental ceramics.     

Design of diamond-shape photonic crystal fiber polarization filter based on surface plasma resonance effect

A novel plasmonic polarization filter based on the diamond-shape photonic crystal fiber(PCF) is proposed. The resonant coupling characteristics of the PCF polarization filter are investigated by the full-vector finite-element method. By optimizing the geometric parameters of the PCF, when the fiber length is 5 mm, the polarization filter has a bandwidth of 990 nm and an extinction ratio(ER) of lower than -20 dB. Moreover, a single wavelength polarization filter can also be achieved, along with an ER of -279.78 dB at wavelength 1.55 μm. It is believed that the proposed PCF polarization filter will be very useful in laser and optical communication systems.     

Paraxial propagation of cosh-Airy vortex beams in chiral medium

Propagation dynamics of the cosh-Airy vortex(CAiV) beams in a chiral medium is investigated analytically with Huygens–Fresnel diffraction integral formula. The results show that the CAiV beams are split into the left circularly polarized vortex(LCPV) beams and the right circularly polarized vortex(RCPV) beams with different propagation trajectories in the chiral medium. We mainly investigate the effect of the cosh parameter on the propagation process of the CAiV beams.The propagation characteristics, including intensity distribution, propagation trajectory, peak intensity, main lobe's intensity, Poynting vector, and angular momentum are discussed in detail. We find that the cosh parameter affects the intensity distribution of the CAiV beams but not its propagation trajectory. As the cosh parameter increases, the distribution areas of the LCPV and RCPV beams become wider, and the side lobe's intensity and peak intensity become larger. Besides, the main lobe's intensity of the LCPV and RCPV beams increase with the increase of the cosh parameter at a farther propagation distance, which is confirmed by the variation trend of the Poynting vector. It is significant that we can vary the cosh parameter to control the intensity distribution, main lobe's intensity, and peak intensity of the CAiV beams without changing the propagation trajectory. Our results may provide some support for applications of the CAiV beams in optical micromanipulation.     

La1-x CaxAl0.8Cr0.2O3/CaZrO3(0≤x≤0.2)复相陶瓷材料发射率的研究

以La2O3、Al2O3、ZrO2、Cr2O3、CaCO3为原料,通过高温固相反应法制备La1-xCaxAl0.8 Cr0.2O3/CaZrO3(0≤x≤0.2)复相陶瓷材料,分别通过XRD、SEM和EDS等仪器对试样的物相组成和显微结构进行分析,利用紫外可见近红外分光光度计测量其红外吸收曲线.结果 表明:当CaZrO3理论生成量和La1-xCaxAl0.8Cr0.2O3的摩尔比小于0.20时复相陶瓷材料在0.76～2.5 μm的发射率较La0.8 Ca0.2Al0.8Cr0.2O3得到进一步提高,当CaZrO3理论生成量和La1-xCaxAl0.8Cr0.2O3的摩尔比为0.04时发射率最佳.     

化学计量学在分析化学中的应用

从化学定量构效关系、模式识别法、人工神经网络、波谱化学、多元校正分析法等方面对化学计量学在分析化学中的应用进行了综述。阐明了化学计量学在分析化学中的作用及广阔的应用前景。     

小型连续注样电泳芯片及集成化的激光诱导荧光检测系统

通过在芯片进样通道上设计一微孔进样阀,将连续进样系统耦联到芯片上,实现了试样的连续注人.并以小型半导体激光器为光源,借助光纤耦合技术,通过在芯片上设计光纤通道,将自组装的光纤耦合激光诱导荧光检测系统集成到芯片上.还研制了一种小型集成化的连续注样-激光诱导荧光检测电泳芯片分析系统.