Donor-like defects in ZnO substrate materials and ZnO thin films

We have investigated donor-like defects in ZnO substrate material grown by three different methods, and in epitaxial ZnO thin films grown on sapphire by pulsed laser deposition. Temperature dependent Hall effect measurements yield information about dominant donors. The thermal activation energies lie in a wide range from about 20 meV to about 370 meV. Deep level transient spectroscopy is used to obtain parameters of deep donor-like defects. For that, a high-speed diode contact configuration was laid out for the epitaxial thin films in order to determine the defect parameters with high precision. The identified levels are E1, E3 and E4, though the level E4 is observed only in single crystals grown by seeded chemical vapor transport. PACS 72.10.Fk; 72.80.Ey; 73.50.-h     

Temperature dependence of the electric field gradient in GaN measured with the PAC-probe 181Hf

A radial inhomogeneous magnetic field produced by counter-propagating currents in anti-Helmholtz configuration coils has been superimposed to a Penning trap. The confinement properties of electrons in such a trap have been studied experimentally. Without the radial B-field we find a number of operating conditions where instabilities occur, arising from higher order contributions to the quadrupolar trapping field. When we apply the radial field the trap properties remain essentially unchanged until the strength of this field at the boundary of the electron cloud is of the same order as the homogeneous Penning field. Then a sudden breakdown in the confinement appears. The experiments have been performed in low magnetic fields. The equations of motions of the trapped particles can be cast in a dimensionless form and our results can be considered as independent of the field strength. Contribution was presented at the TCP06, Vancouver Island, 2006.     

ZnO based planar and micropillar resonators

In this paper we report on planar and microscopic cylindrical resonators with ZnO as the cavity and active medium surrounded with ZrO₂/MgO Bragg reflectors. We have observed resonator behaviour of these structures and, for the planar resonators, exciton–polariton coupling with a mode splitting of about 50 meV.     

Viscoelastic phase diagram of fluorinated and grafted polymer films and proton‐exchange membranes for fuel cell applications

The influence of temperature and moisture activity on the viscoelastic behavior of fluorinated membranes for fuel cell applications was investigated. Uncrosslinked and crosslinked ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)‐based proton‐conducting membranes were prepared by radiation grafting and subsequent sulfonation and their behavior was compared with ETFE base film and commercial Nafion^® NR212 membrane. Uniaxial tensile tests and stress relaxation tests at controlled temperature and relative humidity (RH) were carried out at 30 and 50 °C for 10% < RH < 90%. Grafted films were stiffer and exhibited stronger strain hardening when compared with ETFE. Similarly, both uncrosslinked and crosslinked membranes were stiffer and stronger than Nafion^®. Yield stress was found to decrease and moisture sensitivity to increase on sulfonation. The viscoelastic relaxation of the grafted films was found to obey a power‐law behavior with exponent equal to ?0.04 ± 0.01, a factor of almost 2 lower than ETFE, weakly influenced by moisture and temperature. Moreover, the grafted films presented a higher hygrothermal stability when compared with their membranes counterparts. In the case of membranes, a power‐law behavior at RH < 60% was also observed. However, a markedly different behavior was evident at RH > 60%, with an almost single relaxation time exponential. An exponential decrease of relaxation time with RH from 60 s to 10 s was obtained at RH ≥ 70% and 30 °C. The general behavior of grafted films observed at 30 °C was also obtained at 50 °C. However, an anomalous result was noticed for the membranes, with a higher modulus at 50 °C when compared with 30 °C. This behavior was explained by solvation of the sulfonic acid groups by water absorption creating hydrogen bonding within the clusters. A viscoelastic phase diagram was elaborated to map critical conditions (temperature and RH) for transitions in time‐dependent behavior, from power‐law scaling to exponential scaling. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1139–1148     

Residue analysis of triazine herbicides in soil: Comparison of a capillary gas chromatographic and a high-performance liquid chromatographic method

Summary Two methods for the determination of triazines in soil were developed and compared. After extraction of the residues with methanol and clean-up by gel permeation chromatography, the samples evaporated were analysed for triazines by splitless capillary gas-chromatography with NP-detector (GC-NPD) and microbore high performance liquid chromatography with UV detector (HPLC-UV) at 222 nm. Both methods gave similar results. The microbore HPLC method was suitable for the analysis of a number of triazines at 10 ppb whereas capillary GC method was used for the analysis of triazines at 5 ppb. Satisfactory average recoveries for the two methods were obtained at 80 ppb and 20 ppb, respectively.

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Rückstandsanalytik von Triazin-Herbiciden im Boden: Vergleich zwischen einer capillar-gas-chromatographischen und einer hochleistungs-flüssig-chromatographischen Methode

Zusammenfassung Zwei Methoden zur Bestimmung von Triazinen im Boden wurden entwickelt und miteinander verglichen. Nach der Extraktion der Rückstände mit Methanol und clean-up durch Gelpermeations-Chromatographie wurden die Proben eingeengt und auf Triazin-Rückstände hin untersucht. Zur Detektion wurden die splitlose Capillar-Gas-Chromatographie mit NP-Detektor (GC-NPD) und die Microbore-Hochdruckflüssig-Chromatographie mit UV-Detektor (HPLC-UV) bei 222 nm verwendet. Beide Methoden ergaben vergleichbare Ergebnisse bei einem Minimum an Zeit- und Materialaufwand und der Möglichkeit der Automatisation der Rückstandsanalytik. Die Microbore-HPLC-Methode erreichte nach einfachem GPC clean-up eine Nachweisgrenze von 10 ppb im Vergleich zu 5 ppb bei der Capillar-GC-Methode. Zufriedenstellende Wiederfindungsraten wurden für beide Methoden bei 80 ppb und 20 ppb ermittelt.

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On leave from: Institute of Hydrobiology, Academia Sinica, Wuhan, P. R. China     

Anisotropic Phantoms for Quantitative Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Fiber-Tracking Validation

Different fiber materials (hemp, linen, viscose rayon, polyamide and dyneema twine) were tested for their suitability as fiber phantoms for diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) calibration on clinical magnetic resonance imaging systems with common diffusion-weighted echo planar imaging sequences. Additionally, the potential for fiber tracking validation of these fiber phantoms was investigated. For phantom manufacturing the fibers were wound up into a bundle of parallel fibers enwrapped by plastic ribbon. The most homogenously distributed fractional anisotropy (FA) values (0.63 ± 0.10) were determined in the dyneema and polyamide (0.3 ± 0.1) fiber phantom. FA values in the viscose, linen and hemp bundles were at high variations (about 0.2 ± 0.10). The dispersion of the direction of the principal eigenvector in the polyamide and dyneema phantom was less than 7°, for the other fiber phantoms it was over 30°. Thus, the presented results may indicate that polyamide- and dyneema-based fiber phantoms provide the opportunity for verification and validation of DTI sequences on clinical scanner. Additionally, they can be applicable for testing the accuracy of fiber tracking algorithms. A strong parallel alignment of the fibers with a constant compression grade of the fiber bundles could be achieved by machine-made production. This could also provide highly reproducible diffusion properties within the anisotropic fiber phantoms. Authors' address: Kamil A. Il'yasov, Physics Department, Kazan State University, Kremlevskaya ulitsa 18, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation