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51.
[Structure: see text] A variety of N-arylated and N-alkylated indole derivatives were synthesized by way of a phenyliodine bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA)-mediated intramolecular cyclization. This novel method allows for the construction of an indole skeleton by joining the N-atom on the side chain to the benzene ring at the last synthetic step. Other novel pyrrole-fused aromatic compounds can also be achieved by this method. 相似文献
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53.
Linn I. Sennott 《Annals of Operations Research》1991,28(1):261-271
We deal with countable state Markov decision processes with finite action sets and (possibly) unbounded costs. Assuming the existence of an expected average cost optimal stationary policyf, with expected average costg, when canf andg be found using undiscounted value iteration? We give assumptions guaranteeing the convergence of a quantity related tong?Ν n (i), whereΝ n (i) is the minimum expectedn-stage cost when the process starts in statei. The theory is applied to a queueing system with variable service rates and to a queueing system with variable arrival parameter. 相似文献
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Adam H. Slavney Dr. Linn Leppert Dr. Abraham Saldivar Valdes Dr. Davide Bartesaghi Prof. Tom J. Savenije Prof. Jeffrey B. Neaton Prof. Hemamala I. Karunadasa 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2018,57(39):12765-12770
Despite their compositional versatility, most halide double perovskites feature large band gaps. Herein, we describe a strategy for achieving small band gaps in this family of materials. The new double perovskites Cs2AgTlX6 (X=Cl ( 1 ) and Br ( 2 )) have direct band gaps of 2.0 and 0.95 eV, respectively, which are approximately 1 eV lower than those of analogous perovskites. To our knowledge, compound 2 displays the lowest band gap for any known halide perovskite. Unlike in AIBIIX3 perovskites, the band‐gap transition in AI2BB′X6 double perovskites can show substantial metal‐to‐metal charge‐transfer character. This band‐edge orbital composition is used to achieve small band gaps through the selection of energetically aligned B‐ and B′‐site metal frontier orbitals. Calculations reveal a shallow, symmetry‐forbidden region at the band edges for 1 , which results in long (μs) microwave conductivity lifetimes. We further describe a facile self‐doping reaction in 2 through Br2 loss at ambient conditions. 相似文献
57.
Near infrared spectroscopy and principal component analysis (PCA) have been used for monitoring interactions between THF hydrates and naphthenic acids and other surface active molecules. The hydrate particles are primarily hydrophilic and are preferably localized in the water phase. Interactions with surface active molecules may hydrophobize the hydrate surface sufficiently to disperse them into a paraffinic n-decane phase. Hydrate particles dispersed into the n-decane give rise to light scattering accompanied by a baseline shift in the NIR spectra. These observations serve as proof of such interactions taking place and may in turn contribute to the understanding of natural transportability in pipelines of hydrates in multiphase flow. 相似文献
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Namjoshi OA Gryboski A Fonseca GO Van Linn ML Wang ZJ Deschamps JR Cook JM 《The Journal of organic chemistry》2011,76(11):4721-4727
To gain access to 3-propoxy-β-carboline hydrochloride (3-PBC·HCl) (1·HCl) and β-carboline-3-carboxylate-tert-butyl ester (βCCt) (2), potential clinical agents active against alcohol self-administration, a two-step route was developed. This process involves a palladium-catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig coupling and an intramolecular Heck reaction. This two-step route provides rapid access to multigram quantities of 3-PBC (1) and βCCt (2), as well as analogues for studies of alcohol self-administration. The overall yield of 3-PBC (1) was improved from 8% to 50% by this route. 相似文献
59.
THE EVOLUTION OF PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY TECHNIQUES IN THE TREATMENT OF INTRAOCULAR TUMORS 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Abstract The techniques of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and the indications for its use in the treatment of intraocular tumors have evolved during the years in which it has been assessed in patients at our institution. It is now clear that transcorneal PDT delivered at a subthermal dose-rate to the surface of a pigmented lesion such as choroidal melanoma has little effect. In the absence of pigment, however, as in the case of retinoblastoma or amelanotic melanoma of the iris or choroid, the tumor kill attributed to PDT alone is significant. Data from animal tumor models in our institution and from patient studies elsewhere suggest that the addition of heat with the light delivery will predictably improve the outcome of the treatment of pigmented lesions. Ocular PDT delivered in conjunction with heat will be useful clinically as an adjunct to scleral plaque therapy by reducing the height of a lesion and concurrently the dose of radiation necessary at the base of the tumor for sterilization. Since the clinical tumoricidal effect of PDT is now known to be due at least in part to vascular damage, trans-scleral application of light to the base of melanomas and occlusion of its blood supply holds significant promise of efficacy with continued improvement of the light delivery system. Finally, a transpupillary approach to occlusion of the choroidal vascular supply to a melanoma by surrounding the tumor with photodynamic lesions may provide the best approach for ocular PDT as a primary therapy. 相似文献
60.
Charles J. Gomer Naganobu HayashiA. Linn Murphree 《Photochemistry and photobiology》1987,46(5):843-846
Abstract The use of sodium pentobarbital anesthesia 50 jig gm−1 during localized photodynamic therapy (PDT) was examined in C57BL/6 mice transplanted with the pigmented B-16 melanoma. A 10 mg kg−1 i.p. injection of Photofrin II was administered 24 h prior to light exposure (630 nm, 150 mW, cm−2 , 300-500 J cm−2 ). Separate groups of mice were utilized to monitor tumour temperature and PDT tumor response. Core tumor temperatures decreased by approx. 10o C following sodium pentobarbital administration. Tumor responses were determined by documenting the percentage of treated animals without tumor recurrences for a period of 50 days following PDT. Superior PDT induced tumor responses were obtained in control (non-anesthetized) mice following light doses of 400 and 500 J cm−2 . The results of this study indicate that sodium pentobarbital can induce a protective effect on B-16 melanomas treated with PDT. 相似文献