Theoretical analysis of all-optical clocked D flip-flop using a single SOA assisted symmetric MZI

A novel scheme for an all-optical clocked D flip-flop, with very low complexity, is proposed and numerically demonstrated. This new flip-flop configuration is based on a semiconductor optical amplifier — Mach–Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI), with a feedback loop, and presents two stable states determined by the phase shift between the two MZI arms.     

YbNi2: A heavy fermion ferromagnet

Measurements of the magnetization and specific heat of YbNi₂ binary alloy are reported. The DC magnetic susceptibility displays a ferromagnetic behavior with a Curie temperature T_C=10.5 K, one of the highest found in Yb compounds. Moreover, the temperature dependence of the specific heat exhibits a lambda anomaly with a peak of 5.12 J/mol K at 9.4 K. The analysis also shows an additional magnetic contribution around 32 K stemming from the crystalline electric field of a quartet at ${\Delta }_1=72\mathrm{K}$ and a doublet at ${\Delta }_2=126\mathrm{K}$, according to the splitting of the Yb³⁺ ion in cubic symmetry. From the magnetic contribution to the specific heat, a relatively high Kondo temperature $T_K=27\mathrm{K}$ is estimated. Below the magnetic transition, the specific heat shows a huge value of the electronic coefficient ${\gamma }_{\mathit{LT}}=573\mathrm{mJ}/\mathrm{mol}\mathrm{K}$, which is a signature of a heavy fermion behavior. Therefore, this alloy is a fine example of enhanced ferromagnetism and heavy fermion behavior among Yb compounds.     

Compact curved-grating stretcher for laser pulse amplification

A compact pulse stretcher using curved diffraction gratings is presented. It introduces positive group-delay dispersion and can operate in conjunction with a standard grating-pair compressor in chirped-pulse amplification systems. It presents several advantages over other systems proposed: It has no degrees of freedom and so is not highly sensitive to alignment errors, it is easy to align, it has a compact and robust design, and it uses standard optics. The frequency-dependent delay, dispersions up to third order, and the design parameters of the stretcher-compressor system that will yield good matching are analyzed. Examples of design specifications for a 40-fs pulse with a central wavelength of lambda=800 nm are given.     

Spectroscopy of neutron deficient 65Ge

Excited states of ⁶⁵Ge were populated via the ¹²C + ⁵⁸Ni (261 MeV) reaction using the NORDBALL detector array equipped with charged-particle and neutron detector systems for reaction channel separation. On the basis of γγ-coincidence relations and angular distribution ratios a significantly extended level scheme was constructed up to E _x = 9 MeV and J ^π = (33/2^?). The low-energy states of the nucleus are discussed in the framework of the interacting boson-fermion model.     

On the one loop equivalence of dual σ models

It is shown that in the one loop order of perturbation theory the coupling constant and parameter(s) of an (Abelian T) dual sigma model get renormalized in the same way as in the ‘original’ model.     

Distributed measurement of chromatic dispersion by four-wave mixing and Brillouin optical-time-domain analysis

A new nondestructive method for measuring the spatial distribution of chromatic dispersion along an optical fiber is presented. It is based on using Brillouin optical time-domain analysis to probe the power distribution of the four-wave mixing generated by two continuous-wave lasers. The results obtained prove that this new method is capable of providing better performance than comparable techniques. Furthermore, sensing the variations of Brillouin gain maximum produces additional information about the fiber, such as presence of strain and concentration of GeO2.     

Edge-enhanced imaging with polyvinyl alcohol/acrylamide photopolymer gratings

We demonstrate edge-enhanced imaging produced by volume phase gratings recorded on a polyvinyl alcohol/acrylamide photopolymer. Bragg diffraction, exhibited by volume gratings, modifies the impulse response of the imaging system, facilitating spatial filtering operations with no need for a physical Fourier plane. We demonstrate that Kogelnik's coupled-wave theory can be used to calculate the transfer function for the transmitted and the diffracted orders. The experimental and simulated results agree, and they demonstrate the feasibility of our proposal.     

Chaotic cluster itinerancy and hierarchical cluster trees in electrochemical experiments

Experiments on an array of 64 globally coupled chaotic electrochemical oscillators were carried out. The array is heterogeneous due to small variations in the properties of the electrodes and there is also a small amount of noise. Over some ranges of the coupling parameter, dynamical clustering was observed. The precision-dependent cluster configuration is analyzed using hierarchical cluster trees. The cluster configurations varied with time: spontaneous changes of number of clusters and their configurations were detected. Simple transitions occurred with the switch of a single element or groups of elements. During more complicated transitions subclusters were exchanged among clusters but original cluster configurations were revisited. At weaker coupling the system itinerated among lower-dimensional quasistationary chaotic two-cluster states and higher-dimensional states with many clusters. In this region the transitions showed characteristics of on-off intermittency.     

Compatibility and Marginality

We present a way of introducing joint distibution function and its marginal distribution functions for non-compatible observables. Each such marginal distribution function has the property of commutativity. Models based on this approach can be used to better explain some classical phenomena in stochastic processes.     

Potential models for quarkonia

In this paper I discuss what we can learn about quarkonium dissociation from lattice-potential based models. Special emphasis is given to results obtained in agreement by different models, and to the relevance of lattice QCD for potential models. Future directions are also discussed.