Singularity and kinematic bifurcation analysis of pin-bar mechanisms using analogous stiffness method

Based on the analogy between bifurcation of equilibrium paths in structures and kinematic bifurcation of mechanisms, this paper proposes an analogous stiffness method to detect the singularity and kinematic bifurcation of mechanisms. The analogous stiffness in mechanisms is first defined as the derivative of the state variable with respect to the controlling variable. By investigating the value of analogous stiffness, the singularity can be classified into output singularity, input singularity and architectural singularity. And the kinematic characteristics of free joints at corresponding singularity configurations are expounded. The singular and kinematic bifurcation points of mechanisms can then be determined by solving analogous stiffness equations and compatibility equations simultaneously. Following that, the analytical criterion for finite motion of corresponding free joints at singularity configurations is derived from the second-order analysis of compatibility equations. The efficiency of the proposed method is finally illustrated by three typical examples.     

Mechanism of micro-waviness induced KH2PO4 crystal laser damage and the corresponding vibration source

The low laser induced damage threshold of the KH₂PO₄ crystal seriously restricts the output power of inertial confinement fusion. The micro-waviness on the KH₂PO₄ surface processed by single point diamond turning has a significant influence on the damage threshold. In this paper, the influence of micro-waviness on the damage threshold of the KH₂PO₄ crystal and the chief sources introducing the micro-waviness are analysed based on the combination of the Fourier modal theory and the power spectrum density method. Research results indicate that among the sub-wavinesses with different characteristic spatial frequencies there exists the most dangerous frequency which greatly reduces the damage threshold, although it may not occupy the largest proportion in the original surface. The experimental damage threshold is basically consistent with the theoretical calculation. For the processing parameters used, the leading frequency of micro-waviness which causes the damage threshold to decrease is between 350^-1 μ^-1 and 30^-1 μ^-1, especially between 90^-1 μ^-1 and 200^-1 μ^-1. Based on the classification study of the time frequencies of micro-waviness, we find that the axial vibration of the spindle is the chief source introducing the micro-waviness, nearly all the leading frequencies are related to the practical spindle frequency (about 6.68 Hz, 400 r/min) and a special middle frequency (between 1.029 Hz and 1.143 Hz).     

节流过程中的致冷与致热分析

在真实气体物态方程中,压强和体积的修正项导致了节流过程的致冷和致热．通过对范德瓦耳斯方程的分解,从理论上得到了压强的修正项导致气体致冷,体积的修正项导致气体致热的结论．结合节流过程,从实验角度进一步分析了致冷和致热的物理原因．最后,从真实气体分子相互作用势的角度出发,探讨了分子间的吸引作用导致气体致冷的机理．     

利用APD对大气气溶胶空气动力学直径测量分析

详细介绍了气溶胶大气粒子经过两个激光束后通过雪崩二极管（APD）探测其形成的双峰信号,从而得到气溶胶粒子飞行时间的方法,利用标准粒子对飞行时间进行校准后,实现了对大气气溶胶粒子直径的实时监测.通过不同粒径多组的实验数据进行分析组成专家模式,代入系统进行空气测量或标准粒子测量,得到的实验值与理论值一致.     

Dipotassium aqua­penta­fluoro­vanadate

The title compound, K₂[VF₅(H₂O)], was synthesized from potassium antimony tartrate, piperazine, V₂O₅ and HF under hydro­thermal conditions. It is isostructural with K₂[FeF₅(H₂O)] and contains polymeric anion chains held together by strong O—H⋯F bonds. Each V atom is coordinated to five terminal F atoms and the O atom of one water mol­ecule. Pairs of O—H⋯F bonds are formed by two cis‐related F atoms. Twofold axes run along the O—V—F axis of the V‐centred otahedra.     

地钱中总黄酮含量的测定

采用改进的铝盐显色分光光度法 ,在 5 2 5 nm波长下 ,Na NO2 - Al Cl3 - Na OH为显色剂 ,常温显色 ,15 min内测定地钱黄酮提取物中总黄酮的含量。在 4 0— 4 0 0 μg/ m L范围内线性关系良好 ,回归方程为 A=0 .0 30 0 C- 0 .0 15 3,RSD=0 .16 % ,相关系数为 0 .9997,加标回收率在 97.6 1%— 10 1.5 9%范围内。本法用于地钱中总黄酮含量的测定 ,方法准确、可靠 ,结果令人满意     

3,3’-偶氮双(6-氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)新法合成、表征与量子化学研究

自行设计了3,3’-偶氮双(6-氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)(DAAT)新合成路线、采用3,5-双(3,5-二甲基吡唑-1-基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪(BDT)为原料, 由文献报道的4步反应缩减为2步, 经高压氨解、高锰酸钾氧化合成了DAAT, 总收率大幅提高, 达到58.1%, 并采用元素分析、红外光谱、核磁共振光谱等进行了结构表征. 为了从分子水平探索DAAT的性能, 采用B3LYP法, 在6-31G(d,p)基组水平上对DAAT的结构进行了优化, 计算了其性能, 获得稳定的几何构型、分子轨道及键级; 在振动分析的基础上求得体系的振动频率、IR谱及不同温度下的热力学性质, 并得温度对热力学性能影响的关系式. 结果表明: DAAT分子结构中偶氮基两侧的四嗪环和氨基基本在同一个平面上, 形成一个大的共轭π键; 红外谱计算频率和强度与实验结果整体吻合较好; 热能( )、热容( )和熵( )均随温度的升高而增大.     

3,3’-二氰基二呋咱基醚(FOF-2)的合成、表征及量子化学研究

以3-氨基-4-酰胺肟基呋咱(AAOF)为原料, 经两次氧化、分子间醚化得到3,3’-二氰基二呋咱基醚(FOF-2), 收率90.9%, 并通过IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS, 元素分析, DSC等分析手段对其结构进行了表征. 初步探讨了硝基分子间醚化合成FOF-2的反应机理; 确定了Caro’s acid氧化、分子间醚化的最佳条件. 用B3LYP方法, 在6-31G(d,p)基组水平上对其结构进行了计算, 得到了其稳定的几何构型和键级; 在振动分析的基础上求得体系的振动频率、IR谱及不同温度下的热力学性质, 并得到了温度对热力学性能影响的关系式; 探讨了其热解机理, 计算出醚键断裂时的活化能.     

Organofluorosilanes as Model Compounds for 18F‐Labeled Silicon‐Based PET Tracers and their Hydrolytic Stability: Experimental Data and Theoretical Calculations (PET=Positron Emission Tomography)

Water stable! Radiochemists have recently discovered silicon chemistry as a tool for the introduction of ¹⁸F into biomolecules for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. ¹⁸F‐labeled PET tracers must be stable towards defluorination under physiological conditions. Here, a theoretical model of organofluorosilane hydrolysis is developed that correlates with the experimentally determined hydrolytic half‐lives and allows estimation of the stability of newly designed compounds (see scheme).

     

Novel chiral thioureas for highly enantioselective Michael reactions of malonates to nitroalkenes

Highly efficient Michael addition reactions of malonates to nitroalkenes catalyzed by novel chiral thioureas derived from optically pure BINOL and amino acids are reported. Various trans-nitroalkenes reacted with malonates affording the desired products in up to 95% yield with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee).