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81.
Robert Y. Levine 《Foundations of Physics Letters》1993,6(2):119-137
The simultaneous measurement of Dirac field operators is formulated in analogy to the work of von Neumann and Arthurs-Kelly. Meter fields are coupled to the system field with a relativistically invariant bilinear interaction. Measurement of vacuum meter field expectation values provides for the simultaneous measurement of noncommuting system components. It is shown that two meter coupling allows for a simultaneous minimum in the variance of the subsequent meter measurements. A pseudoscalar self-interaction of the Dirac field is shown to allow simultaneous measurement of positive energy field operators with negative energy meters. The simultaneous measurement ofn noncommuting field operators is obtained by coupling the system ton fermionic fields. Also, in this paper the related concept of mutual simultaneous measurement is developed. This requires that any operators in the enlarged Hilbert space are measurable by the remaining fields as meters. System embedding into a larger Hilbert space results in added noise due to the zero point motion of the meter fields. By the negentropy principle of Brillouin, the added noise is equivalent to entropy. A criterion determining the interaction among fields is that the averaged added noise in the components of each quantum field is minimized. This criterion defines an optimum fermionic mass matrix through the determination of the entangling interaction.1. This work was sponsored by the Department of the Air Force under contract F19628-90-C-0002. 相似文献
82.
Fluorescence lifetime imaging of oxygen in living cells 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
H. C. Gerritsen R. Sanders A. Draaijer C. Ince Y. K. Levine 《Journal of fluorescence》1997,7(1):11-15
The usefulness of the fluorescent probe ruthenium tris(2,2′-dipyridyl) dichloride hydrate (RTDP) for the quantitative imaging
of oxygen in single cells was investigated utilizing fluorescence lifetime imaging. The results indicate that the fluorescence
behavior of RTDP in the presence of oxygen can be described by the Stem-Volmer equation. This shows that fluorescence quenching
by oxygen is a dynamic quenching process. In addition, it was demonstrated that the fluorescence lifetime of RTDP is insensitive
to pH, ion concentration, and cellular contents. This implies that a simple calibration procedure in buffers can be used to
quantify oxygen concentrations within cells. First fluorescence imaging experiments on J774 macrophages show a nonuniform
fluorescence intensity and a uniform fluorescence lifetime image. This indicates that the RTDP is heterogeneously partitioned
throughout the cells, while the oxygen concentration is constant. 相似文献
83.
David A. Kessler Herbert Levine Douglas Ridgway Lev Tsimring 《Journal of statistical physics》1997,87(3-4):519-544
We study in detail a recently proposed simple discrete model for evolution on smooth landscapes. An asymptotic solution of this model for long times is constructed. We find that the dynamics of the population is governed by correlation functions that although being formally down by powers ofN (the population size), nonetheless control the evolution process after a very short transient. The long-time behavior can be found analytically since only one of these higher order correlators (the two-point function) is relevant. We compare and contrast the exact findings derived herein with a previously proposed phenomenological treatment employing mean-field theory supplemented with a cutoff at small population density. Finally, we relate our results to the recently studied case of mutation on a totally flat landscape. 相似文献
84.
Single and double meter simultaneous measurements of a harmonic oscillator are reviewed and compared. Naimark extensions are constructed and relevant projection properties are exhibited for both cases. The theory is extended to the simultaneous measurement of squeezed position and momentum measurements. 相似文献
85.
86.
H. A. Levine M. H. Protter L. E. Payne 《Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences》1985,7(1):210-222
Lower bounds for the eigenvalues of some elliptic equations and elliptic systems over bounded regions are obtained. The bounds are universal in that they depend only upon the volume of the region. Specific applications include the clamped plate, the buckling problem for the clamped plate and the equations of linear elasticity. Our results are consequences of extensions of the methods of Li and Yau (Comm. Mat. Phys. 88 (1983) 309–318) who obtained such results for the eigenvalues of the fixed membrane problem. 相似文献
87.
88.
Experimental data on the orientation dependence of the reactivity in NO + O3 and Rb + CH3I collisions is analyzed. Error limits of the measurements are used to conclude that one low-order, or “Legendre moment” accounts for much of the observed dependence on the orientation. The same procedure applies also to data on the polarization of the products. 相似文献
89.
In the previous paper, we have demonstrated the need for a phase transition as a function of θ in the non-linear σ-model describing the quantized Hall effect. In this work, we present arguments for the occurrence of exactly such a transition. We make use of a dilute gas instanton approximation as well as present a more rigorous duality argument to show that the usual scaling of the conductivity to zero at large distances is altered whenever , n integer. This then completes our theory of the quantized Hall effect. 相似文献
90.
Benford J.N. Cooksey N.J. Levine J.S. Smith R.R. 《IEEE transactions on plasma science. IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society》1993,21(4):388-392
Experiments on CLIA (compact linear induction accelerator), capable of generating 750 kV and 10 kA into a matched load using magnetic switching to produce 60 ns long pulses, are described. As a first application, the authors used CLIA to drive a water-cooled L-band magnetron at repetition rates as high as 250 Hz with no breakdown or pulse shortening. This gives an average power of 6.3 kW. A short burst at 1 kHz demonstrates operation that would translate to an average power of approximately 25 kW. In this regime operation is not limited by gas build-up, electrode erosion or microwhisker depletion. Currently, the authors are operating on CLIA with a high current relativistic klystron. Beams with modulated current powers of approximately 1 GW have been generated at 100 Hz for bursts as long as 5000 pulses. It is concluded that there are no apparent obstacles to much higher average powers at higher peak powers 相似文献