Application of FTIR Spectroscopy for Identification of Blood and Leukemia Biomarkers: A Review over the Past 15 Years

Abstract

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is an effective and nondestructive method for monitoring cellular alterations. Combining the advantages of FTIR spectroscopy with the challenge of cellular characterization, the main objective of this review is to collect information related to the spectroscopic identification of blood cells, focusing on specific biochemical features of leukemia cells detected through FTIR spectral analysis. Some interesting results obtained by different authors regarding human promyelocytic leukemia, white blood cells, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells are presented. In addition, the characterization of two types of cells, namely, leukemia T and a healthy human blood cells, is reported and the identification of biochemical markers provides important information that, associated with clinical examination, can assist in the diagnosis of diseases.     

The first Chevalley–Eilenberg Cohomology group of the Lie algebra on the transverse bundle of a decreasing family of foliations

In [L. Lebtahi, Lie algebra on the transverse bundle of a decreasing family of foliations, J. Geom. Phys. 60 (2010), 122–133], we defined the transverse bundle V^k$V^k$ to a decreasing family of k$k$ foliations _Fi$F_i$ on a manifold M$M$. We have shown that there exists a (1,1)$(1,1)$ tensor J$J$ of V^k$V^k$ such that J^k≠0$J^k\ne 0$, J^k+1=0$J^{k+1}=0$ and we defined by _LJ(V^k)$L_J\left(V^k\right)$ the Lie Algebra of vector fields X$X$ on V^k$V^k$ such that, for each vector field Y$Y$ on V^k$V^k$, [X,JY]=J[X,Y]$[X,JY]=J[X,Y]$.     

One-pot synthesis of new hydantoin (thiohydantoin) derivatives and evaluation of their antibacterial and antioxidant activities

One-pot four-component reactions of phenacyl bromides, parabanic or thioparabanic acids, thiophenols, and triphenylphosphine in the presence of triethylamine afforded new derivatives of hydantoin or thiohydantoin in good to high yields (65%-90%). Their antibacterial activities were evaluated against two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Among the synthesized compounds, the obtained products from 2-hydroxythiophenol exhibited higher antibacterial activity than those obtained from 2-aminothiophenol. Compound 9l including N,N′^′-diphenyl thiohydantoin moiety showed the highest antibacterial activity (26.0 ± 01.4) against B subtilis, in comparison with other synthesized samples. The antioxidant activities of the synthesized hydantoins and thiohydantoins were investigated by DPPH radical-scavenging based on Blois method. The results showed that all the compounds have high DPPH inhibition potency (77.4%-83.9%) that it could be due to existence of heteroatoms with lone pair electrons and exchangeable protons on their NH₂ and OH groups.     

Effect of polymerization of synthetic glycolipids on their supramolecular assemblies

Sugar-derived surfactants bearing a polymerizable acryloyl moiety on one of the branches of the double-chain hydrophobic tail were prepared. The non–ionic hydrophilic head and the biantennary hydrophobic tail were built on, respectively, an aspartic acid and a tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane core. Ultraviolet irradiation of aqueous dispersions of these surfactants above their transition phase temperature (T_c) was achieved. The morphology of self-assemblies produced in such a way were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. TEM photographs revealed that irradiation leads to the formation of unilamellar vesicles. Neither fibers nor tubules were detected in contrast to what was observed before polymerization.     

Reactions of p-quinone monoimines with lawesson reagent and phosphorus pentasulfide

2, 4-Bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1, 3, 2, 4-dithiadiphosphetane-2, 4-disulfide [Lawesson reagent (LR)] 1 reacts with p-quinone monoimine- 2a to give the novel benzo-1,3,2-oxathiaphosphol-5-(methanesulfonamido)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfide 4 . On the other hand, the reaction of 2b and 3 with LR 1 leads to the formation of the benzo- and the naphtho-1,3,2-dithiaphosphol-5 -(benzenesulfonamido)- 2- (4-methoxyphenyl) -2-sulfide 5 , 6 . Thiation of 2a , 2b , and 3 with P₄S₁₀ yields phenoxathiin derivatives 8a , 8b , and 9 , respectively. The identity of the new products is established from analytical and spectroscopic evidence.     

Operational Matrix of Fractional Integration Based on the Shifted Second Kind Chebyshev Polynomials for Solving Fractional Differential Equations

This paper is devoted to studying a computational method for solving multi-term differential equations based on new operational matrix of shifted second kind Chebyshev polynomials. The properties of the operational matrix of fractional integration are exploited to reduce the main problem to an algebraic equation. We present an upper bound for the error in our estimation that leads to achieve the convergence rate of O(M ^−κ). Numerical experiments are reported to demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of the proposed method.

     

Variational transition state theory with multidimensional tunnelling and kinetic isotope effects in the reactions of C2H6, C2H5D and C2D6 with .CCl3 to produce CHCl3 and CDCl3

ABSTRACT

Rate constants for the reactions of C₂H₆, C₂H₅D and C₂D₆ with .CCl₃. for the production of CHCl₃ and CDCl₃ (k₁, k₂, k₃ and k₄) were computed using variational transition state theory coupled with hybrid-meta density functional theory (MPWB1K) over the temperature range of 200–2900 K. The ground-state vibrational adiabatic potential was plotted for all channels. Small- and large-curvature tunnelling were determined to include quantum effects in the calculation of rate constants. Harmonic vibrational frequencies along the reaction path were calculated in curvilinear coordinates with scaled frequencies. Anharmonicity was included in the lowest-frequency torsion. The position of formation and dissociation of bonds was specified using the variation in harmonic vibrational frequencies along the reaction path. Representative tunnelling energy and the thermally averaged transmission probability at 298 K (P(E)exp?( ? ΔE/RT)) were determined for the reactions in which tunnelling is important. The kinetic isotope effect was used to calculate the considerable contributions of tunnelling and vibration. The expressions for rate constants were determined using nonlinear least-square fitting over the temperature range of 200–2900 K.     

A Molecular Secret Sharing Scheme

A method for implementing a secret sharing scheme at the molecular level is presented. By creating molecular code generators that are self‐assembled from several molecular components, we established a means for distributing distinct code‐activating elements among several participants. In this way, an authorization code can only be generated when all the participants are present, which ensures that highly secured systems cannot be operated by unauthorized individuals or disloyal users. Additional layers of protection result from the ability to program the security code by replacing one or several molecular components and by subjecting the system to distinct chemical inputs.     

A Comparison of Tissue Spray and Lipid Extract Direct Injection Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the Differentiation of Eutopic and Ectopic Endometrial Tissues

Recent research revealed that tissue spray mass spectrometry enables rapid molecular profiling of biological tissues, which is of great importance for the search of disease biomarkers as well as for online surgery control. However, the payback for the high speed of analysis in tissue spray analysis is the generally lower chemical sensitivity compared with the traditional approach based on the offline chemical extraction and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detection. In this study, high resolution mass spectrometry analysis of endometrium tissues of different localizations obtained using direct tissue spray mass spectrometry in positive ion mode is compared with the results of electrospray ionization analysis of lipid extracts. Identified features in both cases belong to three lipid classes: phosphatidylcholines, phosphoethanolamines, and sphingomyelins. Lipids coverage is validated by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry of lipid extracts. Multivariate analysis of data from both methods reveals satisfactory differentiation of eutopic and ectopic endometrium tissues. Overall, our results indicate that the chemical information provided by tissue spray ionization is sufficient to allow differentiation of endometrial tissues by localization with similar reliability but higher speed than in the traditional approach relying on offline extraction.

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