Substitution and addition reactions of organic substrates with hypofluorous acid

The chemical reactions of hypofluorous acid with aromatic and olefinic substrates show considerable variety. Hypofluorous acid reacts with naphthalene to give 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol and 1,4-naphtho-quinone; with benzo[b]thiophen to give the 1,1-dioxide; with trans-stilbene to give threo-2-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1, 2-diphenylethane, benzophenone and diphenylacetaldehyde; and with cholesteryl acetate to give the two epoxides (α:β = 6.3:1) and two fluorohydrins (6β-fluoro-5β-o1 and 5α-fluoro-6β-o1).     

Mathematical experiments and adsorption models

Colloid and Polymer Science - A statistical simulation method, designated as a “mathematical experiment”, is used to establish some characteristics of the adsorption models most widely...     

Solid phase synthesis of 6-acylamino-1-alkyl/aryl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydrocinnoline-3-carboxamides

6-Acylmino-1-alkyl/aryl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydrocinnoline-3-carboxamides were synthesized in parallel from 6-nitro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydrocinnoline-3-carboxylic acid. The latter formed amides with amines bound to polystyrene-based resins via acid-labile linkers. N1 and N2-alkylation, followed by alkyl migration yielded only N1-alkylated products. Reduction of the 6-nitro group and acylation concluded the synthesis.     

Determination of Diclofenac in Urine Samples by Molecularly‐Imprinted Solid‐Phase Extraction and Adsorptive Differential Pulse Voltammetry

A molecularly imprinted polymer for diclofenac (DCF) was prepared by thermal polymerization over silica beads using 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl‐methacrylate as functional monomer. After silica elimination by HF treatment, the polymer was applied to the selective solid‐phase extraction of the drug from urine followed by its quantification by adsorptive differential pulse voltammetry. Results indicate that the drug could be selectively extracted from the sample and quantified at clinically relevant concentrations (μg/mL).     

Dynamic behaviour and X-ray analysis of chiral η-allylpalladium complexes. II

The DANTE technique and NOESY two-dimensional method have been employed to observe the isomerization of the chiral cationic complex [Pd(η³-CH₂CMeCH₂(P-P′)]⁺ (1a), where P-P′ = the chiral chelating ligand (S)(N-diphenylphosphino)(2-diphenylphosphinoxymethyl)pyrrolidine. The rate constant was found to be 0.5 s⁻¹ in CHCl₃ at 295 K and 1.50 s⁻¹ in the presence of added free ligand. In the latter case the epimerization proceeds by a π-σ-π mechanism via the intermediacy of a primary η¹-allylpalladium complex. Although the intermediate was not detected, the NMR findings reveal that it has the allylic terminus η¹-bonded to palladium. The structure of 1a in its PF₆⁻ salt has been determined. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2₁2₁2₁ with a 10.029(4) b 19.203(8) c 36.115(6) Å, Z = 8, R = 0.0572 and R_w = 0.0712 for 3716 observed reflections with I > 3σ(I).     

A study of the OH- -induced beta-elimination reactions of 2-(4-chloroethyl)pyridine, 2-(2-chloroethyl)pyridine, 1-methyl-2-(4-chloroethyl)pyridinium iodide and 1-methyl-2-(2-chloroethyl)pyridinium iodide in acetonitrile/water

Second-order rate constants have been determined for the title reactions in OH(-)/H(2)O and in OH(-)/ (CH(3)CN/H(2)O) [30/70, 60/40, and 85/15 (v/v) mixtures]. A relatively small increase in reactivity is observed for the four substrates upon increasing the percentage of CH(3)CN in the solvent mixture. The methyl activating factors (/) are also slightly affected by the solvent composition. On the other hand, the high acceleration of the reaction by methylation of the pyridine ring amounts to 10(4)-10(6) according to an E1cb mechanism.     

A new procedure for the enantioselective vinylogous aldol reaction of Chan’s diene

Chiral δ-hydroxy-β-ketoesters are easily available through the enantioselective vinylogous aldol reaction of Chan’s diene promoted by a SiCl₄/chiral phosphoramide catalytic system. The procedure is conveniently exploited for a very rapid approach to (+)-kavain, a natural bio-active -pyrone compound.     

Radical cyclisation of epoxynitrile-2-azetidinones mediated by Cp2TiCl

The reductive radical cyclisation of δ- and ?-epoxynitrile-2-azetidinones has been achieved using titanocene monochloride. The reaction was regioselective and afforded bicyclic β-lactams and tricyclic β-lactams containing an aryl group fused to a seven-membered ring.     

2-substituted 2,3-dihydro-5H-thiazolo[2,3-b]quinazoline derivatives

The synthesis of a series of 2-substituted 2,3-dihydro-5H-thiazolo[2,3-b]quinazoline derivatives is described. Some of the title compounds exerted antiinflammatory and immunomodulating activities in laboratory animal models.     

Fast fractionation of complex organic extracts by normal-phase chromatography on a solid-phase extraction polymeric sorbent. Optimization of a method to fractionate wine flavor extracts

Some properties of LiChrolut-EN resins as normal-phase sorbent have been studied. Retention factors using pentane as solvent range from less than 2 (ethyl esters) to more than 56 (fatty acids and vanillin). All retention factors were smaller than 2 with dichloromethane. The efficiency of the bed was between 4 and 13 plates per cm. A method for the fast fractionation of wine flavor extracts has been further developed. Wine (75 ml) is extracted on a 0.5 g LiChrolut-EN bed. Volatile compounds are recovered in 5 ml of dichloromethane and the extract is further concentrated to 0.1 ml. Recoveries of the extraction procedure are above 85% for all compounds less polar than isoamyl alcohol. This extract is fractionated on a bed (5.0 cm height, 0.6 cm internal diameter) packed with 0.55 g of LiChrolut-EN resins. A first fraction is collected by the elution with 4 ml of pentane. A second one with 6 ml of a mixture pentane/dichloromethane (9:1) and a final fraction with 4 ml of dichloromethane. The first fraction is enriched in ethyl esters and some other non-polar compounds. The second fraction concentrates the alcohols and some volatile phenols, while the third is enriched in fatty acids, vanillin derivatives and some lactones. The recovery in the fractionation is complete. The profile obtained in the fractionation is very stable, and becomes distorted only when the column is loaded with an extract containing 80 mg of major volatiles (coming from more than 150 ml of wine). The fractionation of extracts from different wines showed that the performance of the process does not depend on the composition of the extract. Twenty-seven out of 32 studied compounds eluted reproducibly mainly in one fraction. The results suggest that the method can be applied as an aid for qualitative or quantitative analysis to any kind of organic extract as an alternative to liquid chromatography on silica-gel.