全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4222篇 |
免费 | 189篇 |
国内免费 | 16篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 3461篇 |
晶体学 | 16篇 |
力学 | 67篇 |
数学 | 425篇 |
物理学 | 458篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 50篇 |
2022年 | 138篇 |
2021年 | 177篇 |
2020年 | 141篇 |
2019年 | 120篇 |
2018年 | 59篇 |
2017年 | 56篇 |
2016年 | 175篇 |
2015年 | 179篇 |
2014年 | 163篇 |
2013年 | 236篇 |
2012年 | 337篇 |
2011年 | 371篇 |
2010年 | 210篇 |
2009年 | 172篇 |
2008年 | 291篇 |
2007年 | 257篇 |
2006年 | 254篇 |
2005年 | 181篇 |
2004年 | 189篇 |
2003年 | 148篇 |
2002年 | 125篇 |
2001年 | 27篇 |
2000年 | 29篇 |
1999年 | 26篇 |
1998年 | 19篇 |
1997年 | 21篇 |
1996年 | 24篇 |
1995年 | 20篇 |
1994年 | 16篇 |
1993年 | 5篇 |
1991年 | 6篇 |
1990年 | 6篇 |
1989年 | 9篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1987年 | 8篇 |
1986年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 19篇 |
1984年 | 18篇 |
1983年 | 16篇 |
1982年 | 17篇 |
1981年 | 18篇 |
1980年 | 10篇 |
1979年 | 8篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1977年 | 13篇 |
1976年 | 7篇 |
1975年 | 6篇 |
1974年 | 7篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有4427条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
Dip-pen nanolithography in tapping mode 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is becoming a popular nano-patterning technique for depositing materials onto a substrate using the probe of an atomic force microscope (AFM). Here, we demonstrate the deposition of a short synthetic peptide by DPN using the Tapping Mode of AFM rather than the commonly used contact mode. DPN in Tapping Mode requires drive amplitude modifications for deposition, yet allows for gentle imaging of the deposited material and enables deposition on soft surfaces. 相似文献
32.
N-Aminophthalimide ( I ) reacted in refluxing isopropyl alcohol with a number of isothiocyanates to give the related 1:1 addition products, N-(3-substitutedthioureido)phthalimides III. On the other hand, heating I directly with an excess of neat arylisothiocyanates produced the N-arylphthalimides IV. As shown for IIIa, the 1:1 addition products are conveniently deblocked by the Ing-Manske procedure to yield the 4-substituted thiosemicarbazide. 相似文献
33.
Gancitano P Ciriminna R Testa ML Fidalgo A Ilharco LM Pagliaro M 《Organic & biomolecular chemistry》2005,3(13):2389-2392
Valuable organic compounds such as alpha-hydroxy acids are easily synthesised with relevant selectivity enhancement using a sol-gel hydrophobized nanostructured silica matrix doped with the organocatalyst TEMPO: A materials science based synthetic route which cannot be achieved via classical homogeneous synthesis. 相似文献
34.
Cellulose synthesis in maize: isolation and expression analysis of the cellulose synthase (CesA) gene family 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Laura Appenzeller Monika Doblin Roberto Barreiro Haiyin Wang Xiaomu Niu Krishna Kollipara Lori Carrigan Dwight Tomes Mike Chapman Kanwarpal S. Dhugga 《Cellulose (London, England)》2004,11(3-4):287-299
Stalk lodging in maize results in significant yield losses. We have determined that cellulose per unit length of the stalk is the primary determinant of internodal strength. An increase in cellulose concentration in the wall might allow simultaneous improvements in stalk strength and harvest index. Cellulose formation in plants can be perturbed by mutations in the genes involved in cellulose synthesis, post-synthetic cellulose alteration or deposition, N-glycosylation, and some other genes with as yet unknown functions. We have isolated 12 members of the cellulose synthase (CesA) gene family from maize. The genes involved in primary wall formation appear to have duplicated relatively independently in dicots and monocots. The deduced amino acid sequences of three of the maize genes, ZmCesA10–12, cluster with the Arabidopsis CesA sequences that have been shown to be involved in secondary wall formation. Based on their expression patterns across multiple tissues, these three genes appear to be coordinately expressed. The remaining genes show overlapping expression to varying degrees with ZmCesA1, 7, and 8 forming one group, ZmCesA3 and 5 a second group, and ZmCesA2 and 6 exhibiting independent expression of any other gene. This suggests that the varying levels of coexpression may just be incidental except in the case of ZmCesA10–12, which may interact with each other to form a functional enzyme complex. Isolation of the expressed CesA genes from maize and their association with primary or secondary wall formation has made it possible to test their respective roles in cellulose synthesis through mutational genetics or transgenic approaches. This information would be useful in improving stalk strength. 相似文献
35.
Peña-Alvarez A Díaz L Medina A Labastida C Capella S Vera LE 《Journal of chromatography. A》2004,1027(1-2):131-136
Steam distillation (SD) extraction-solid-phase microextraction coupled to GC-MS was developed for the determination of terpenes and Bligh-Dyer extraction-derivatization coupled with GC for the determination of fatty acids such as ethyl esters were used. It was found that the three different Agave species have the same profile of fatty acids; the quantity of these compounds is different in each Agave variety. On the other hand, different terpenes were identified in the three Agave plants studied: nine in A. salmiana, eight in A. angustifolia and 32 in A. tequilana Weber var. azul. 相似文献
36.
Patricia M. Nassar Rose M.Z.Georgetto Naal Silvia H. de Pauli João B.S. Bonilha Laura T. Okano Frank H. Quina 《Journal of colloid and interface science》1997,190(2):461
In aqueous solution, the interaction between sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) results in the formation of small aggregates or clusters of SDS attached to the PEG polymer chain. Selectivity coefficients for exchange of two monovalent (N-methyl-4-cyanopyridinium cation and Tl+) and two divalent (methylviologen cation and Cu2+) counterions at the surface of SDS–PEG clusters, determined employing photophysical techniques, are similar, but not identical, to those for exchange at the surface of SDS micelles in the absence of PEG. The principal factor affecting ion exchange selectivity in SDS–PEG clusters does not appear to be aggregate size or surface charge density but rather the presence of poly(oxyethylene) subunits at the aggregate surface. 相似文献
37.
Ogrin D van Poppel LH Bott SG Barron AR 《Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)》2004,(21):3689-3694
The reaction of AlMe(3) and [((t)Bu)(2)Al(micro-OPh)](2) with pyrazine (pyz), 4,4'-bipyridine (4-4'-bipy), 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (bpetha) and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (bpethe) yields (Me(3)Al)(2)(micro-pyz)(1), (Me(3)Al)(2)(micro-4,4'-bipy)(2), (Me(3)Al)(2)(micro-bpetha)(3), (Me(3)Al)(2)(micro-bipethe)(4), Al((t)Bu)(2)(OPh)(pyz)(5), [((t)Bu)(2)Al(OPh)](2)(micro-4,4-bipy)(6a), [((t)Bu)(2)Al(OPh)](2)(micro-bpetha)(7a), [((t)Bu)(2)Al(OPh)](2)(micro-bipethe)(8a). Compounds 1-4, 6a and 7a have been confirmed by X-ray crystallography. In solution compounds 1-4 undergo a rapid ligand-dissociation equilibrium resulting in a time-average spectrum in the (1)H NMR. In contrast, the solution equilibria for compounds 5-8a are sufficiently slow such that the mono-aluminium compounds may be observed by (1)H NMR spectroscopy: Al((t)Bu)(2)(OPh)(4,4-bipy)(6b), Al((t)Bu)(2)(OPh)(bpetha)(7b) and Al((t)Bu)(2)(OPh)(bpethe)(8b). The inability to isolate [((t)Bu)(2)Al(OPh)](2)(micro-pyz) and the relative stability of each complex is discussed with respect to the steric interactions across the bridging ligand (L) and the electronic effect on one Lewis acid-base interaction by the second Lewis acid-base interaction on the same ligand. 相似文献
38.
Laura Ruetsche 《Foundations of Physics Letters》1995,8(4):327-344
Modal interpretations of QM have the welcome consequence that unitarily evolved post-measurement states which superpose eigenstates of the anticipated pointer observable can represent devices registering determinate measurement outcomes. Albert and Loewer have claimed that modal interpretations cannot account for the outcomes of error-prone measurements. But Albert, Loewer, and their commentators have not always appreciated the relation of measurement error to the Albert-Loewer problem. I argue that measurement error is neither necessary nor sufficient to generate the Albert-Loewer problem, and use the Araki-Yanase theorem to show that measurements of a large class of observables, if they are error-free, are beset by the Albert-Loewer problem. 相似文献
39.
Alasdair A. MacDonald Sheila H. Dewitt Shomir Ghosh Eleonora M. Hogan Laura Kieras Anthony W. Czarnik Robert Ramage 《Molecular diversity》1996,1(3):183-186
Summary A major objective of the DIVERSOMER® technology is to provide pure and characterized compounds for biological testing in order to prevent false negatives in our libraries. On several occasions, analysis of the final products by1H-NMR and MS, has revealed by-products from the polystyrene solid support. Subsequently, three alternative methods were studied to remove polystyrene by-products; (i) prewashing of the resin prior to execution of the synthesis; (ii) pretreatment of the resin with the cleavage conditions consistent with the solid-phase synthesis reaction scheme; and (iii) parallel purification. 相似文献
40.
A software-controlled flow-through optical fiber diffuse reflectance sensor capitalized on the implementation of disk-based solid-phase pre-concentration schemes in a multisyringe flow injection analysis (MSFIA) set-up is proposed for the trace determination of sulfide in environmental waters and wastewaters. The fully automated flowing methodology is based on Fischer's coupling reaction of sulfide with N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD) in the presence of Fe(iii) as oxidizing reagent in a 0.5 M HCl medium. The on-line generated methylene blue dye is subsequently delivered downstream to a dedicated optode cell furnished with an octadecyl-chemically modified (C(18)) disk, while continuously recording the diffuse reflectance spectrum of the pre-concentrated compound. A double regeneration protocol is finally executed to warrant minimum background noise and negligible baseline. Under the optimized chemical and hydrodynamic conditions, the optosensing MSFIA method features coefficients of variation better than 0.7%(n= 10) at 50 microg l(-1) concentration, a linear working range of 20-200 microg l(-1) sulfide, a 3sigma(blank) detection limit of 2.9 microg l(-1) sulfide and an injection throughput of 8 h(-1) for a pre-concentration sample volume of 2.9 ml. The interfacing of the robust and versatile multisyringe flow injection-based optode with a plug-in spectrophotometer furnished with a light emitting diode assures the miniaturization of the overall flow analyzer, which is, thus, readily adaptable to real-time monitoring schemes. The potential of the multisyringe flow method was assessed via the determination of sulfide traces in water samples of different complexity (namely, freshwater, seawater and wastewater). 相似文献