Effects of Low‐Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) and Diclofenac (Topical and Intramuscular) as Single and Combined Therapy in Experimental Model of Controlled Muscle Strain in Rats

Muscle injuries represent ca 30% of sports injuries and excessive stretching of muscle causes more than 90% of injuries. Currently the most used treatments are nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), however, in last years, low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) is becoming an interesting therapeutic modality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of single and combined therapies (LLLT, topical application of diclofenac and intramuscular diclofenac) on functional and biochemical aspects in an experimental model of controlled muscle strain in rats. Muscle strain was induced by overloading tibialis anterior muscle of rats. Injured groups received either no treatment, or a single treatment with topical or intramuscular diclofenac (TD and ID), or LLLT (3 J, 810 nm, 100 mW) 1 h after injury. Walking track analysis was the functional outcome and biochemical analyses included mRNA expression of COX‐1 and COX‐2 and blood levels of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂). All treatments significantly decreased COX‐1 and COX‐2 gene expression compared with injury group (P < 0.05). However, LLLT showed better effects than TD and ID regarding PGE₂ levels and walking track analysis (P < 0.05). We can conclude that LLLT has more efficacy than topical and intramuscular diclofenac in treatment of muscle strain injury in acute stage.     

Determination of RSD921 in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using tri-deuterated RSD921 as internal standard: application to a phase I clinical trial.

A fast, sensitive and specific method is presented for the quantification of RSD921 in human plasma by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry using tri-deuterated RSD921 (3d-RSD921) as an internal standard. A single-step liquid/liquid extraction was performed with diethyl ether/hexane (80 : 20, v/v) using 0.5 ml of plasma. The plasma calibration curves were linear from 0.1 to 20 ng ml(-1) (r > 0.999). Between-run precision, based on the percent relative deviation for replicate (n = 40) quality controls, was < or =7.27% (0.5 ng ml(-1)), < or =7.39% (5.0 ng ml(-1)), and < or =5.06% (20.0 ng ml(-1)). Between-run accuracies, based on the relative error, were +/-2.59%, +/-1.23% and +/-1.64% respectively. The method was developed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile after 15 min of intravenous stepwise-ascending infusion dose of RSD921 in 18 healthy volunteers. A dissociation study of protonated RSD921 and 3d-RSD921 by collision-induced dissociation using in-source fragmentation and tandem mass spectrometry is also presented.     

Many conserved quantities induced by Lie symmetries of a Lagrangian system

Lie symmetries along with either Noether theorem or Jacobi Last Multiplier yield all the conserved quantities that one may seek and even more. We show that three new conserved quantities derived in Jian-Hui Fang, Ming-Jiang Zhang, Wei-Wei Zhang (2010) [1] can be algorithmically obtained by these old methods. Even more than three.     

Sulle trasformazioni continue

Sunto Si dimostra che ogni trasformazione piana, rappresentata da funzioni assolutamente continue secondoTonelli con dervate parziali prime integrabiliL ²→ α con α>0, sono a variazione limitata e assolutamente continue secondoBanach eVitali. Si danno inoltre esempi effettivi di trasformazioni piane, rappresentate da funzioni assolutamente continue secondoTonelli con derivate parziali prime integrabiliL ², che non sono ne a variazione limitata ne assolutamente continue secondoBanacheVitali. Lavoro eseguito nel Seminario Matematico della R. Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa.     

Proprietà delle funzioni rappresentate mediante serie trigonometriche

Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo Series 1 -     

Quantification of cyproheptadine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry in a bioequivalence study

A rapid, sensitive and specific method to quantify cyproheptadine in human plasma using amitriptyline as the internal standard (IS) is described. The analyte and the IS were extracted from plasma by liquid‐liquid extraction using a diethyl‐ether/dichloromethane (70/30; v/v) solvent. After removing and drying the organic phase, the extracts were reconstituted with a fixed volume of acetonitrile/water (50/50 v/v) + 0.1% of acetic acid. The extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Chromatography was performed isocratically using an Alltech Prevail C18 5 µm analytical column, (150 mm x 4.6 mm I.D.). The method had a chromatographic run time of 4 min and a linear calibration curve ranging from 0.05 to 10 ng/mL (r2 > 0.99). The limit of quantification was 0.05 ng/mL. This HPLC/MS/MS procedure was used to assess the bioequivalence of cyproheptadine in two cyproheptadine + cobamamide (4 mg + 1 mg) tablet formulations (Cobactin® [cyproheptadine + cobamamide] test formulation supplied from Zambon Laboratórios Farmacêuticos Ltda. and Cobavital® from Solvay Farma (standard reference formulation)). A single 4 mg + 1 mg [cyproheptadine + cobamamide] dose of each formulation was administered to healthy volunteers. The study was conducted using an open, randomized, two‐period crossover design with a 1‐week washout interval. Since the 90% CI for Cmax and AUCs ratios were all within the 80‐125% bioequivalence limit proposed by the US Food and Drug Administration, it was concluded that the cyproheptadine test formulation (Cobactin®) is bioequivalent to the Cobavital® formulation for both the rate and the extent of absorption of cyproheptadine. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Group analysis of the modified generalized Vakhnenko equation

In this paper the Lie symmetry group, the corresponding symmetry reductions and invariant solutions of the modified generalized Vakhnenko equation are determined. Moreover a numerical algorithm that is based on a Lie symmetry group preserving scheme is applied to the ordinary differential equations obtained by symmetry reduction.