Glycerol assisted eco-friendly strategy for the facile synthesis of 4,4′-(arylmethylene)bis(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ols) and 2-aryl-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones under catalyst-free conditions

Research on Chemical Intermediates - This article describes glycerol mediated eco-friendly approaches for the convenient access of structurally diverse...     

Cordyceps militaris Fungus Extracts-Mediated Nanoemulsion for Improvement Antioxidant,Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

This study aimed to produce and optimize a Cordyceps militaris-based oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion (NE) encapsulated in sea buckthorn oil (SBT) using an ultrasonication process. Herein, a nonionic surfactant (Tween 80) and chitosan cosurfactant were used as emulsifying agents. The Cordyceps nanoemulsion (COR-NE) was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and field-emission transmission electron microscope (FE-TEM). The DLS analyses revealed that the NE droplets were 87.0 ± 2.1 nm in diameter, with a PDI value of 0.089 ± 0.023, and zeta potential of −26.20 ± 2. The small size, low PDI, and stable zeta potential highlighted the excellent stability of the NE. The NE was tested for stability under different temperature (4 °C, 25 °C, and 60 °C) and storage conditions for 3 months where 4 °C did not affect the stability. Finally, in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity were assessed. The results suggested that the NE was not toxic to RAW 264.7 or HaCaT (human keratinocyte) cell lines at up to 100 µL/mL. Anti-inflammatory activity in liposaccharides (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells was evident at 50 µg/mL and showed inhibition of NO production and downregulation of pro-inflammatory gene expression. Further, the NE exhibited good antioxidant (2.96 ± 0.10 mg/mL) activity and inhibited E. coli and S. aureus bacterial growth. Overall, the COR-NE had greater efficacy than the free extract and added significant value for future biomedical and cosmetics applications.     

Effect of couple stresses on transient MHD poiseuille flow

The unsteady laminar flow of an electrically conducting viscous fluid between parallel insulating plates subject to a transverse magnetic field is considered. The plates are fixed and flow is due to a constant pressure gradient. The induced field is taken into account. The fluid is incompressible and of couple stress type. The defining equations are coupled and numerical solutions for different values of couple stress parameter are obtained. The velocity and induced magnetic field profiles are sketched as functions of time, Hartmann number, and magnetic Prandtl number. The velocity decreases with increase in couple stress parameter.     

Interactive metabolic regulations during biomethanation ofLeucaena leucocephala

Biomethanation of leaves of the legumeL. leucocephala operated in batch reactors at different input volatile solids (12–18 g/L) proceeded in distinct metabolic phases. An initial cellulolytic phase of 4 d was followed by an early and active methanogenic phases (5–21 d) and a terminal phase of low-rate methanogenesis. Hydrolysis of cellulose was concentration-dependent and resulted in increased volatile acid levels. The trend of changes showed some variations at different input volatile solids. The changes in the levels of volatile acids followed an oscillatory pattern. The controlled rate of cellulose hydrolysis, levels of volatile acids, and steady-state levels of soluble carbohydrates and reducing sugars observed during active methanogenesis are indicative of interactive metabolic regulations.     

Cyanuric chloride catalyzed metal-free mild protocol for the synthesis of highly functionalized tetrahydropyridines

An environmentally benign, facile and elegant synthetic approach for the convenient access of a series of diverse 2,6-diaryl-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylates via a one-pot, pseudo five-component condensation of ethyl acetoacetate, anilines and aromatic aldehydes under mild reaction conditions has been described. This domino strategy allows rapid cyclization in the presence of 10 mol% of cyanuric chloride as a source of hydrochloric acid to afford the desired target skeletons in excellent yields. The present protocol offers prominent advantages of simple operational procedure, metal-free organocatalyst, practically robust and extensive substrate scope.     

Bounded sets of KKT multipliers in vector optimization

In this article we discuss the conditions required to guarantee the non-emptiness and the boundedness of certain subsets of the set of Lagrange multipliers for an inequality and equality constrained vector minimization problem.     

Recent advances in heterogeneous catalysts for the synthesis of imidazole derivatives

Among the bioactive heterocyclic frameworks, nitrogen containing multisubstituted imidazoles are versatile building blocks of many naturally occurring products. Imidazoles possess wide range of biological properties including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antihypertensive activities with potential applications in other sectors. Multicomponent reactions in combination with heterogeneous catalysts and nanocomposites have contributed significantly to organic synthesis in general and imidazoles, in particular with high functional group tolerance. Owing to their tunable properties, lower operational cost, thermal stability, recyclability, and easily separation from products, heterogeneous catalysts and nanocomposites are integral part of numerous pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and industrial processes. There has been increased focus on the development of green and sustainable catalytic procedures for the building of novel and biologically potent imidazole conjugates. This article emphasizes the recent advances in recyclable catalysts and protocols, and their merits for the synthesis of diverse multisubstituted imidazole conjugates by one-pot reaction approach and the catalyst and reactant interactions.