Updating a chiral separation strategy for non-acidic drugs with capillary electrochromatography applicable for both chlorinated and non-chlorinated polysaccharide selectors

A generic strategy for the chiral separation of non-acidic pharmaceuticals was updated to complete an approach defined earlier. The selected chiral stationary phases are all polysaccharide selectors, chlorinated, and non-chlorinated, namely Lux(?) Amylose 2, Chiralcel(?) OD-RH, Lux(?) Cellulose 4, and Chiralpak(?) AD-RH. In this study, the screening step of a strategy defined earlier was updated and the optimization steps were re-evaluated for the applied chiral stationary phases. These screening and optimization conditions were studied by analyzing 20 pharmaceuticals at different organic modifier contents, temperatures, or applied voltages. The proposed chiral separation strategy was then evaluated with a test set of 19 non-acidic drugs. Seventeen compounds (89.5%) of the latter set could be resolved of which eight (42%) were baseline separated. The strategy thus proved to be applicable on compounds different from those used for its development.     

Enhanced performance of expanded bed chromatography on rigid superporous adsorbent matrix

Rigid spherical macroporous adsorbent beads with surface hydroxyl groups were prepared by cross-linking of cellulose. These beads had diameter in the range 100-200 microm and a mean pore size of about 3 microm with about 60% pore volume. The matrix (bulk density approximately 1600 kg m(-3)) could be expanded into a stable bed and used for protein chromatography. Chromatographic runs were performed on a 10 mm diameter column under non-retaining and retaining conditions on the prepared matrix (called Celbeads) and performance of the runs was measured in terms of the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP). The HETP curves in both packed and expanded bed modes followed profiles typical of macroporous adsorbents, i.e. increasing and levelling with velocity. Unimpaired performance of the matrix at increasing flow-rates permitted expanded bed elution of adsorbed solutes without loss of efficiency in terms of purification factor and product concentration. As a model system, Celbeads was used to purify lactate dehydrogenase from porcine muscle homogenate by dye-affinity chromatography. The prepared matrix provided about 100 theoretical plates per meter for the enzyme system at a linear flow velocity of 1.27 cm x min(-1) in an expanded bed elution mode, and gave enzyme yields of 100% with a purification factor of 31 using an optimized procedure. The adsorbent could be cleaned in place with 5 M urea and used repeatedly without loss of performance.     

Evaluation of novel amylose and cellulose-based chiral stationary phases for the stereoisomer separation of flavanones by means of nano-liquid chromatography

Three polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases, Sepapak^® 1, Sepapak^® 2 and Sepapak^® 3 have been evaluated in the present work for the stereoisomer separation of a group of 12 flavonoids including flavanones (flavanone, 4′-methoxyflavanone, 6-methoxyflavanone, 7-methoxyflavanone, 2′-hydroxyflavanone, 4′-hydroxyflavanone, 6-hydroxyflavanone, 7-hydroxyflavanone, hesperetin, naringenin) and flavanone glycosides (hesperidin, naringin) by nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC). The behaviour of these chiral stationary phases (CSPs) towards the selected compounds was studied in capillary columns (100 μm internal diameter (i.d.)) packed with the above mentioned CSPs using polar organic, reversed and normal elution modes. The influence of nature and composition of the mobile phase in terms of concentration and type of organic modifier, buffer type and water content (reversed phase elution mode) on the enantioresolution (R_s), retention factor (k) and enantioselectivity (α) was evaluated. Sepapak^® 3 showed the best chromatographic results in terms of enantioresolution, enantioselectivity and short analysis time, employing a polar organic phase mode. A mixture of methanol/isopropanol (20/80, v/v) as mobile phase enabled the chiral separation of eight flavanones with enantioresolution factor (R_s) in the range 1.15–4.18. The same analytes were also resolved employing reversed and normal phase modes with mixtures of methanol/water and hexane/ethanol at different ratios as mobile phases, respectively. Loss in resolution for some compounds, broaden peaks and longer analysis times were observed with these last two chromatographic elution modes.     

Comparative Enantiomer-Resolving Ability of Coated and Covalently Immobilized Versions of Two Polysaccharide-Based Chiral Selectors in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

The separation of enantiomers of over 175 randomly selected chiral acidic, basic, and neutral compounds was studied on 4 polysaccharide-based chiral columns made by coating or covalent attachment of cellulose 3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate or amylose 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate on the surface of silica. Triscarbamate derivatives of cellulose or amylose were used for the preparation of coated-type columns, while in the case of covalently immobilized chiral stationary phases, the respective polysaccharides were not completely carbamoylated but only close to triscarbamates. It was found that this minimal difference in the chemical composition of the polysaccharide derivatives resulted in significantly different enantiomer-resolving ability for certain groups of chiral compounds while only marginally different for other chiral analytes. This potential difference between coated- and covalently immobilized versions of the “same” chiral selector must be considered in method development with these columns, as well as in method transfer between them.     

Enantioseparation of glutethimide and its 5-OH-metabolite in capillary electrophoresis and study of selector-selectand interactions using one-dimensional rotating frame nuclear Overhauser and exchange spectroscopy

Enantioseparation of glutethimide (GT) and its 5-hydroxy metabolite (5-OH-GT) has been studied with several charged cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives. The emphasis was made on the enantiomer migration order of GT and simultaneous enantioseparation of GT and 5-OH-GT. The possible structural differences of GT complexes with three different single isomer charged CD derivatives were studied using one-dimensional rotating frame nuclear Overhauser and exchange spectroscopy (1-D ROESY).     

High‐performance liquid chromatographic separations of stereoisomers of chiral basic agrochemicals with polysaccharide‐based chiral columns and polar organic mobile phases

The separation of the stereoisomers of 23 chiral basic agrochemicals was studied on six different polysaccharide‐based chiral columns in high‐performance liquid chromatography with various polar organic mobile phases. Along with the successful separation of analyte stereoisomers, emphasis was placed on the effect of the chiral selector and mobile phase composition on the elution order of stereoisomers. The interesting phenomenon of reversal of enantiomer/stereoisomer elution order function of the polysaccharide backbone (cellulose or amylose), type of derivative (carbamate or benzoate), nature, and position of the substituent(s) in the phenylcarbamate moiety (methyl or chloro) and the nature of the mobile phase was observed. For several of the analytes containing two chiral centers all four stereoisomers were resolved with at least one chiral selector/mobile phase combination.     

Separation of enantiomers of ephedrine by capillary electrophoresis using cyclodextrins as chiral selectors: comparative CE, NMR and high resolution MS studies

The enantiomer migration order (EMO) of ephedrine was investigated in the presence of various CDs in CE. The molecular mechanisms of chiral recognition were followed for the ephedrine complexes with native α- and β-CD and heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-sulfo)-β-CD (HDAS-β-CD) by CE, NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution MS. Minor structural differences were observed between the complexes of ephedrine with α- and β-CD although the migration order of enantiomers was opposite when these two CDs were applied as chiral selectors in CE. The EMO was also opposite between β-CD and HDAS-β-CD. Significant structural differences were observed between ephedrine complexes with the native CDs and HDAS-β-CD. The latter CD was advantageous as chiral CE selector not only due to its opposite electrophoretic mobility compared with that of the cationic chiral analyte, but also primarily due to its enhanced chiral recognition ability towards the enantiomers of ephedrine.     

Enantiomeric separation of FMOC-amino acids by nano-LC and CEC using a new chiral stationary phase, cellulose tris(3-chloro-4-methylphenylcarbamate)

A novel polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phase (CSP), cellulose tris(3-chloro-4-methylphenylcarbamate), also known as Sepapak-2 or Lux Cellulose-2, has been evaluated for the enantiomeric separation of FMOC derivatives of amino acids. After mobile-phase optimization in nano liquid chromatography (nano-LC) the column enabled the enantiomeric separation of 19 out of 23 amino acids tested, indicating the high chiral recognition power of this new CSP. Subsequently, a comparison of the driving force employed (pressure or voltage) was carried out comparing nano-LC and CEC under the same conditions. Better peak efficiencies and resolution were observed by using CEC experiments, which enabled the chiral discrimination of 20 out of 23 amino acids tested. Finally, in order to show the potential of this new CSP, the determination of the content and the enantiomeric purity of the non-protein amino acid citrulline in food supplements was performed. For that purpose, the method was optimized, evaluated and applied to different commercial samples.     

Raman Spectra and Solvent-Solute Interaction of Mercury(II)-Thiocyanate Complexes in Some Aprotic Donor Solvents

Raman spectra of the species Hg(SCN)₂, [Hg(SCN)₃], and [Hg(SCN)₄]^2- in solution of ten aprotic donor solvents have been investigated in the region of the Hg-S vibration. Observed frequency values of measured band of Hg(SCN)₂ and [Hg(SCN)₃] in different solutions correlate well with donor strength of the solvents. There is a linearity between Hg-S frequency decreasing and increasing of the interaction of the solvent molecules with the mercury (II) ion in the thiocyanate complexes. No significant frequency changes have be found for [Hg(SCN)₄]^2-. Evidence based on the frequency shifts and depolarization ratios in various solvents supports the view that the Hg(SCN)₂ in solution undergos departure from linearity as a result of increasing solvent coordination to the mercury (II) ion. Almost constant frequencies of Hg-S vibration of [Hg(SCN)₄]^2- in all investigated solvents suggest a regular tetrahedral structure of the ion in solution having much larger radius than corresponding HgX₄ (X=Cl,Br,I) ions.