Light-induced absorption instability in weakly reduced congruent Er:LiNbO3 crystal

Light-induced absorption (LIA) characteristics in weakly reduced (or strongly annealed) congruent and/or vapor transport equilibration (VTE)-treated Er-doped LiNbO₃ crystals have been investigated in comparison with their corresponding as-grown ones and undoped crystals by using a polarized 632.8-nm beam as probe light and another polarized 632.8- or 488-nm beam as pump light. Under He-Ne pump, the LIA was observed only in strongly reduced pure VTE LiNbO₃ crystal. Under 488-nm pump, LIA is still not observed in the doped or undoped as-grown crystals. The weakly reduced VTE-treated Er(0.2 mol %):LiNbO₃ crystal displays weak and stable LIA. On the other hand, the corresponding weakly reduced congruent crystal displays a rather unpredictable light-induced absorption instability phenomenon. The instability was shown by the random competition of the LIA and light-induced transparency (LIT). When both crystals were further reduced, the VTE sample still shows stable LIA but with increased LIA, while the LIA in the congruent sample also becomes stable enough. The instability was experimentally proved to be associated with the presence of the Er³⁺ ion that performs the role of an extrinsic defect instead of photoluminescence. A three-level model is suggested that consists of a deep level (the bipolaron) and two shallow levels: the small polaron level and the level with respect to the Er³⁺ ion. The model has been employed to qualitatively explain the LIA characteristics of the weakly reduced congruent Er:LiNbO₃ crystal, including the the instability, the effect of the state of reduction, the pump intensity and the pump–probe polarization dependences. The inhomogeneity of the defects caused by the weak reduction and the simultaneous participation of the two shallow levels in the light-induced electron-transport process result in the random competition between LIA and LIT, and consequently result in the LIA instability. PACS 42.70.Hj; 42.70.Ln; 42.70.Mp; 42.65.Hw; 81.05.-t     

Optical characterization of InGaAsN/GaAsN/GaAs quantum wells with InGaP cladding layers

Optical properties of InGaAsN/GaAs and InGaAsN/GaAsN/GaAs quantum well structures with InGaP cladding layers were studied by photoreflectance at various temperatures. The excitonic interband transitions of the InGaAsN/GaAsN/GaAs QW systems were observed in the spectral range above hν=E_g(InGaAsN). The confinement potential of the system with strain compensating GaAsN barriers became one step broader, thus more quantum states and larger optical transition rate were observed. A matrix transfer algorithm was used to calculate the subband energies numerically. Band gap energies, effective masses were adopted from the band anti-crossing model with band-offset values adjusted to obtain the subband energies to best fit the observed optical transition features. A spectral feature below and near the GaAs band gap energy from GaAs barriers is enhanced by the GaAs/InGaP interface space charge accumulation induced internal field.     

Simultaneous clock recovery and demultiplexing of a 320 Gb/s OTDM system using an optoelectronic oscillator based on cascaded MZM and PolM

An improved optoelectronic oscillator scheme for an optical time division multiplexing(OTDM) system based on cascaded Mach-Zehnder modulator(MZM) and polarization modulator(PolM) is experimentally investigated.The system can simultaneously realize clock recovery and demultiplexing.With the MZM working at peak point to generate return-to-zero-33 optical pulses and the PolM working as an equivalent intensity modulator,a high-quality clock signal with 35-fs timing jitter is extracted from the 160-GBaud OTDM-differential quaternary phase-shift keying signal.Narrow short optical switch gates(4 ps) are also generated to demultiplex 160-GBaud signals to 40-GBaud signals.Error-free performance is achieved with 2.4-dB power penalty in the worst case.     

冲击作用下的摩擦力效应实验研究

针对摩擦力效应产生的机理, 本文设计了三种不同尺寸的试件进行SHPB实验, 得到了摩擦力效应对实验的定量影响, 在此基础上对混凝土的DIF进行了修正研究, 为混凝土抗冲击工程设计提供了参考依据. 关键词： 冲击 混凝土 SHPB 摩擦力     

Proposal for simultaneous all-optical AND, NOR, and XNOR logic gates using QPM cascading nonlinear effects in two PPLNs

We propose AND,NOR,and XNOR logic gates realized simultaneously for 40-Gb/s networks,in which the realization of NOR and XNOR logic gates using only MgO-doped periodically poled lithium niobate(MgO:PPLN) is reported.In our configuration,we exploit broadband quasi-phase matching(QPM) cascaded second harmonic and difference-frequency generation(cSHG/DFG),cascaded sum-frequency and differencefrequency generation(cSFG/DFG) in one MgO:PPLN,and the narrow band QPM sum-frequency generation(SFG) in another MgO:PPLN.The performance,including the quality-factor(Q-factor) and extinction ratio(ER),of the proposed multifunctional logic device is also simulated.     

Rheological Properties of Template Polymerization Polyacrylamide Aqueous Solutions

In this work, the aqueous solution rheology properties of both partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and the template copolymer (TPAM) synthesized from acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AM) were investigated using an advanced rheometer and viscometer. The results were correlated with the corresponding molecular structures of HPAM and TPAM, which were characterized by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance. It was found that the thickening ability of TPAM is much stronger than that of HPAM due to its unique microblocky structure, while the viscosity of TPAM was more sensitive to shear rate. Furthermore, the effect of polymer concentration was also tested in an oscillation shear mode. It showed that the characteristic relaxation time of TPAM was much higher than that of HPAM at the high concentrations. The research on salt-resistance properties showed that the viscosity retention of TPAM was similar to HPAM at the same NaCl concentration. But, unexpectedly, at the same CaCl₂ concentration the viscosity retention of TPAM was much lower than that of HPAM, indicating a poor divalent salt-resistance property.     

Determination of albumins by its quenching effect on the fluorescence of Tb-oxolinic acid complex in presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate

It is found that the fluorescence intensity of Tb³⁺-oxolinic acid (OA) complex can be greatly quenched by albumins in sodium dodecyl sulphate (SLS). Under optimum conditions, the quenched fluorescence intensity is in proportion to the concentration of proteins in the range of 5.0×10⁻⁸-1.0×10⁻⁵ g ml⁻¹ for bovine serum albumin (BSA), 1.0×10⁻⁷-1.0×10⁻⁵ g ml⁻¹ for human serum albumin (HSA) and 4.0×10⁻⁷-1.0×10⁻⁵ g ml⁻¹ for egg albumin (EA). Their detection limits (S/N=3) are 2.1×10⁻⁸, 2.5×10⁻⁸ and 5.0×10⁻⁸ g ml⁻¹, respectively. In addition, the interaction mechanism is also investigated.     

Mathematical concepts and their physical foundation in the nonstandard analysis theory of turbulence

Main mathematical concepts and their physical foundation in the nonstandard analysis theory of turbulence are presented and discussed. The underlying fact is that there does not exist the absolute zero fluid-volume. Therefore, the physical object corresponding to the absolute point is just the uniform fluid-particle. The fluid-particle, in general, corresponds to the monad. The uniform fluid-particle corresponds to the uniform monad, while the nonuniform fluid-particle to the nonuniform monad. There are two kinds of the differentiations, one is based on the absolute point, and the other based on the monad. The former is adopted in the Navier--Stokes equations, and the latter in the fundamental equations presented in this paper for the nonstandard analysis theory of turbulence. The continuity of fluid is elucidated by virtue of the concepts of the fluid-particle and fluid-particle at a lower level. Furthermore, the characters of the continuity in two cases, i.e. in the standard and nonstandard analyses, are presented in this paper. And the difference in discretization between the Navier--Stokes equations and the fundamental equations given herein is also pointed out.     

The separability of two-mode Gaussian state under amplification and symmetric damping

The performances of a two-mode Gaussian state under parametric amplification, symmetric amplitude damping and thermal noise are studied. The time-dependent complex correlation matrix of the state in evolution is given. The separability of the final two-mode Gaussian state is examined under symmetric amplification and asymmetric amplification separately.