ESR Studies of λ-Irradiated Poly[3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetane]

Poly[3,3-bis(chloromethyl)] oxetane in vacuo, after λ-irradiation at 77°K and room temperature, showed ESR spectra consisting of a triplet (hfs of 22.0G) and a doublet (hfs of 17.8G), respectively. The triplet ESR spectrum is attributed to the -CH₂-C(CH₂Cl)-CH₂ -O- radical and the doublet ESR spectrum is attributed to the -CH₂-C(CH₂Cl)₂-CH-O- radical. The G values for formation of radicals are estimated to be 0.3 and 0.5 at 298 and 77°K, respectively.     

New discrimination method combining hit quality index based spectral matching and voting

A new discrimination method, called hit quality index (HQI)-voting, that uses the HQI for discriminant analysis has been developed. HQI indicates the degree of spectral matching between two spectra as known. In this method, a library sample yielding the highest HQI value for an unknown sample was initially searched and a group containing this sample was chosen as the group for the unknown sample. When overall spectral features of two groups are quite close to each other, many library samples with similar HQI values could be available for an unknown sample. In this situation, the simultaneous consideration of multiple votes (several library samples with close HQI values) for final decision would be more robust. In order to evaluate the discrimination performance of HQI-voting, three different near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic datasets composed of two sample groups were used: (1) domestic and imported sesame samples, (2) domestic and imported Angelica gigas samples, and (3) diesel and light gas oil (LGO) samples. For the purpose of comparison, principal component analysis–linear discriminant analysis (PCA–LDA), partial least squares–discriminant analysis (PLS–DA) as well as k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) were also performed using the same datasets and the resulting accuracies were compared. The discrimination performances improved with the use of HQI-voting in comparison with those resulted from PCA–LDA and PLS–DA. The overall results support that HQI-voting is a comparable discrimination method to that of existing factor-based multivariate methods.     

Effects of gamma irradiation on morphological changes and biological responses in plants

This review discusses the morphological changes and biological responses of plants irradiated with gamma rays. Seedlings exposed to relatively low doses of gamma rays (1-5 Gy) developed normally, while the growth of plants irradiated with a high dose gamma ray (50 Gy) was significantly inhibited. Based on TEM observations, chloroplasts were extremely sensitive to gamma irradiation compared to other cell organelles, particularly thylakoids being heavily swollen. In addition, some portions of the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum were structurally altered, for example, distortion and swelling. The cerium perhydroxide deposition, as a maker for H(2)O(2) deposition, was typically manifest on the plasma membranes and cell walls of the tissues from both the control and irradiated plants. However, the intensities of cerium perhydroxide deposits (CPDs) were remarkably increased in the plasma membranes and cell walls of pumpkin tissues such as petiole, cotyledon, hypocotyl and especially leaf after gamma irradiation. These observations are in good agreement with the results of H(2)O(2) content in all tissues. The immuno-localization analysis for peroxidase (POD) on the tissues from pumpkin plant showed the same pattern between the control and irradiated plants, but the density of gold particles as indication of POD localization was significantly increased on the cell corner middle lamellae of parenchyma cells, especially in the petiole after gamma irradiation. However, accumulation and localization of H(2)O(2) and POD in vessels were not significantly different between both plants. The accumulation and localization of both H(2)O(2) and POD were differentially affected by gamma irradiation depending on the different tissue types. The deposition of both H(2)O(2) and POD in parenchyma cells appeared much higher than in vessels, suggesting that the former is more sensitive than the latter against gamma rays.     

Minimal Bosonization of Supersymmetry with ‐graded Parity

In this paper we consider the ‐graded parity generalizing the ordinary (or Z₂‐graded ) parity. Using the ‐graded parity operator, we discuss the minimal bosonization of the N=2 SUSY with ‐graded parity. The lowest energy level is shown to be infinitely degenerate. In order to avoid the infinite degeneracy of the ground state we introduce the paraboson algebra to obtain the para‐supersymmetry. Finally, we discuss the hidden SUSY with Z₃‐graded parity.     

A Sensor for Serotonin and Dopamine Detection in Cancer Cells Line Based on the Conducting Polymer−Pd Complex Composite

An electrochemical sensor based on the conducting polymer composite with a palladium complex (Pd(C₂H₄N₂S₂)₂) was developed for the detection of serotonin and dopamine simultaneously in the breast cancer cell and human plasma samples. The proposed sensor was fabricated using the Pd(C₂H₄N₂S₂)₂ complex‐anchored poly2,2 : 5,2‐terthiophene‐3‐(p‐benzoic acid) (pTBA) layer on the AuNPs decorated reduced graphene oxide (AuNPs@rGO) substrate, which revealed the enhanced anodic current of the target species. The sensor probe was characterized by electrochemical and surface analysis methods. The experimental parameters affecting the sensor performance were optimized, in terms of AuNPs@rGO concentration, the number of electropolymerization cycle for pTBA, immobilization time of Pd(C₂H₄N₂S₂)₂, and pH. The dynamic ranges for serotonin and dopamine were obtained from 0.02 to 200 μM, and from 0.1 to 200 μM with the detection limit of 2.5, and 24.0 nM, respectively. The reliability of proposed sensor was evaluated using cancer cell lines for the clinical applications.     

Deuteriodifluoromethylation and gem‐Difluoroalkenylation of Aldehydes Using ClCF2H in Continuous Flow

The deuteriodifluoromethyl group (CF₂D) represents a challenging functional group due to difficult deuterium incorporation and unavailability of precursor reagents. Herein, we report the use of chlorodifluoromethane (ClCF₂H) gas in the continuous flow deuteriodifluoromethylation and gem‐difluoroalkenylation of aldehydes. Mechanistic studies revealed that the difluorinated oxaphosphetane (OPA) intermediate can proceed via alkaline hydrolysis in the presence of D₂O to provide α‐deuteriodifluoromethylated benzyl alcohols or undergo a retro [2+2] cycloaddition under thermal conditions to provide the gem‐difluoroalkenylated product.     

Reaction of 4,5-dichloro-3-nitropyridazin-6-one with dimethylchloromethyleneammonium chloride

3,4,5-Trichloropyridazin-6-one, 3,4,5,6-tetrachloropyridzine and 4,5-dichloro-3-(N,N-dimethylamino)-pyridazin-6-one were synthesized from 4,5-dichloro-3-nitropyridazin-6-one and dimethylchloromethylene-ammonium chloride selectively.     

Thermal Hysteresis Accompanying Incommensurate-Commensurate Phase Transition in Mixed Crystals (K1-xCsx)2ZnCl4

The mixed crystal (K_1-xCs_x)₂ZnCl₄ with x = 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 0.2 with optical quality has been grown by the Czochralski method. Using the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), we determined the amount of Cs ion included in the mixed crystal. By using of DTA and DSC, we observed the change of T_c and T_i. The thermal hysteresis in the dielectric constants show strong dependence on the thermal process and on the amount of impurity which are explained by the influence of the thermal process and impurity, respectively on the creation, annihilation, and growth of discommensuration (DC).     

Synthesis and characterization of new aromatic liquid crystalline polyesters having phenyl substituents

Two different series of new aromatic liquid crystalline (LC) polyesters were prepared from 3-phenyl-4, 4'-biphenyldicarboxylic acid (PBDA) and 1-phenyl-2, 6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (PNDA). PBDA and PNDA were polymerized with various aromatic diols such as hydroquinone, substituted hydroquinones, isomeric naphthalenediols and 4, 4'-biphenol, and the resulting polyesters were characterized by DSC, WAXD, and on a cross-polarizing microscope for the study of their thermal transition and crystallization properties, and mesophases formed therefrom.     

Domain-Specific On-Device Object Detection Method

Object detection is a significant activity in computer vision, and various approaches have been proposed to detect varied objects using deep neural networks (DNNs). However, because DNNs are computation-intensive, it is difficult to apply them to resource-constrained devices. Here, we propose an on-device object detection method using domain-specific models. In the proposed method, we define object of interest (OOI) groups that contain objects with a high frequency of appearance in specific domains. Compared with the existing DNN model, the layers of the domain-specific models are shallower and narrower, reducing the number of trainable parameters; thus, speeding up the object detection. To ensure a lightweight network design, we combine various network structures to obtain the best-performing lightweight detection model. The experimental results reveal that the size of the proposed lightweight model is 21.7 MB, which is 91.35% and 36.98% smaller than those of YOLOv3-SPP and Tiny-YOLO, respectively. The f-measure achieved on the MS COCO 2017 dataset were 18.3%, 11.9% and 20.3% higher than those of YOLOv3-SPP, Tiny-YOLO and YOLO-Nano, respectively. The results demonstrated that the lightweight model achieved higher efficiency and better performance on non-GPU devices, such as mobile devices and embedded boards, than conventional models.