Surfactant tail length-dependent lipase activity profile in cationic water-in-oil microemulsions

The catalytic activity of Chromobacterium viscosum lipase (CV-lipase) was estimated across varying surfactant tail lengths (C-10-C-18) in water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions of cationic surfactants containing four different hydroxyethyl-substituted head groups. An attempt to find a correlation, if any, between the activity of interfacially solubilized lipase and the varying surfactant tails was made for the first time in micellar enzymology. The second-order rate constant, k2, in lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-n-hexanoate at pH 6.0 and 25 degrees C shows an improvement in enzyme activity (approximately 30-140%) across different head groups of amphiphiles with increasing tail lengths in varying solution compositions. Improvement of enzyme activity is prominent in ascending from C-10 to C-14/C-16, depending on the nature of polar head group. The hydrolytic activity of lipase in different surfactant (50 mM)/water/isooctane/n-hexanol with varying z= [alcohol]/[surfactant] (6.4 or 4.8) was amplified by 25-250% with increment in surfactant tail length in comparison with widely used cationic w/o microemulsions having solution compositions (z=16). As a notable outcome of this research, we found w/o microemulsions of 25 mM tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide/water/isooctane/n-hexanol (z=8) producing the highest ever activity of lipase in any w/o microemulsions.     

Structural modifications of aqueous ionic micelles in the presence of denaturants as studied by DLS and viscometry

Hydrophobic interactions control the morphologies of both surfactant aggregates and proteins. Globular proteins "denature" upon addition of excess amounts of denaturants such as urea. Understanding the microscopic basis of the urea effect on proteins or supramolecular aggregates such as micelles has always been a debated issue. Inspired by this need, the effect of urea (U), thiourea (TU), monomethylurea (MMU), dimethylurea(DMU), tetramethylurea (TMU), dimethylthiourea (DMTU), and tetramethylthiourea (TMTU) on the structural transition (spherical micelles to rod-shaped micelles, s --> r) in the sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS)-1-pentanol system has been investigated through dynamic light scattering(DLS) and viscosity measurements at 25 degrees C. 1-Pentanol, at 0.14 M, is found to promote s --> r in this system (0.2 M SDBS). The presence of the additives causes, in almost all cases, a decrease and increase in this 1-pentanol concentration depending upon the concentration and nature of the additive. These effects are explained in terms of an increased dielectric constant of the solvent medium due to the presence of additives and increased micellar hydration due to the repulsion of charged monomers caused by adsorption of the additives. Taken together, the data signal the exposure of biological assemblies to water at higher [additive], which causes a decrease in hydrophobic interactions responsible for compact structure formation (i.e., native protein).     

An efficient synthesis of the constrained peptidomimetic 2-oxo-3-(N-9-fluorenyloxycarbonylamino)-1-azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane-9-carboxylic acid from pyroglutamic acid

[reaction: see text] Azabicyclo[X.Y.0]alkane amino acids are rigid dipeptide mimetics that are useful tools for structure-activity studies in peptide-based drug discovery. Herein, we report an efficient synthesis of three diastereomers of 9-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2-oxo-3-(N-tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-1-azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane (3S,6S,9S, 3S,6R,9R, and 3S,6R,9S). Methyl N-Boc-pyroglutamate is cleaved with vinylmagnesium bromide to produce an acyclic gamma-vinyl ketone. Michael addition of N-diphenylmethyleneglycine tert-butyl ester produces the N-Boc-delta-oxo-alpha,omega-diaminoazelate intermediate, which, on hydrogenloysis, gives the fused ring system. Acidolytic deprotection followed by Fmoc-protection provided building blocks suitable for solid-phase synthesis.     

Synthesis of novel chiral spirodione, (6R,7R)-7-phenyl-1-oxaspiro[5.5]undec-3-ene-2,5-dione: application to the asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction with high π-facial selectivity

The synthesis of the title spirodione, a new class of auxiliary based chiral synthon using (−)-trans-2-phenylcyclohexanol and its application to the asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction are described. Methodology for detachment of the chiral auxiliary from the cycloadduct has been developed.     

Extraction of cesium-137 from nitric acid medium in the presence of macrocyclic polyethers

Extraction behavior of¹³⁷Cs was studied from nitric acid medium using dibenzo 18 crown 6 (DB18C6), 4,4'(5')di-acetylbenzo 18 crown 6 (DAB18C6), 4, 4'(5')di-hexanoylbenzo 18 crown 6 (DHB18C6), 4,4'(5')di-nonanoylbenzo 18 crown 6 (DNB18C6) and 4,4'(5')di-t-butylbenzo 18 crown 6 (DTBB18C6) in nitrobenzene medium. The stoichiometry of the species extracted with dibenzo 18 crown 6 (L) conformed to ML⁺. NO₃ ⁻ TheD _Cs values were found not to be affected by the presence of aluminium nitrate in the aqueous phase. The separation behavior of fission products obtained from an irradiated natural uranium target was also studied. Presence of 0.004M phosphotungstic acid found to enhance theD _Cs values at lower acidities.     

Reverse turn induced pi-facial selectivity during polyaniline-supported cobalt(II) salen catalyzed aerobic epoxidation of N-cinnamoyl L-proline derived peptides

A novel chemo- and diastereoselective aerobic epoxidation of the N-cinnamoyl peptides catalyzed by polyaniline-supported cobalt(II) salen (PASCOS) is described. The N-cinnamoyl proline derived peptides 1 show a high pi-facial selectivity during these epoxidations. The origin of this diastereoselectivity in 1 has been attributed to (i) the propensity of the N-cinnamoyl proline amide to exist predominantly as trans rotamer in CDCl3, DMSO-d6, and CH3CN medium and (ii) existence of these peptides as organized structures (gamma- and beta-turns) due to the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds. An extensive solution NMR and MD simulation study on 1d and 1f indicates that the origin of the high pi-facial selectivity is due to the well-defined gamma- and beta-turns which result in the hindrance of one face of the cinnamoyl double bond in the transition state of the epoxidation reaction.     

Parallel synthesis of PNA-peptide conjugate libraries

An optimized semi-automatic protocol for parallel synthesis of up to 96 peptide nucleic acids (PNA) or PNA-peptide conjugates using Boc-protection strategy has been developed using a robotic system. The approach is illustrated by synthesizing PNA and PNA-peptide libraries varying between 15 and 27 amino acid units. The peptides (NLS (nuclear localization signal) or Tat-peptide) were attached to N-terminus of the PNA. The method was found to be far superior to that based on the SPOT/Fmoc protocol by which PNA oligomers are synthesized on a modified cellulose membrane. On a 0.5 micromole scale the method typically yielded 2 mg product of 90% purity by HPLC/MALDI-TOF analysis. This approach is suitable for screening of a large number of PNA and/or peptide sequences for biochemical and biological studies.     

Polymeric catalysts. IX. Cobalt complexes of polyureas based on bipyridine pyridine and crown ether for aldol condensation

We report herein studies of Co(OAc)₂ and related transition metal compounds which serve as catalysts for aldol condensations when complexed with bipyridine, triphenyl phosphine, and crown ether. A comparison has been made with polymeric complexes of cobalt(II), which serve the same purpose. Cobalt complexes of built-in polyureas based on bipyridine and crown ether as well as those immobilized to polystyrene by triphenylphosphine and poly(4-vinyl pyridine) are also reported.     

Studies on polymerization of vinyl acetate using ylide as an initiator and degradative transfer agent

Polymerization of vinyl acetate initiated by β-picolinium p-chlorophenacylide was carried out at 30, 35, and 40°C, using conventional dilatometric technique. The initiator and the monomer exponent values were 0.80 ± 0.15 and unity, respectively. The polymerization was inhibited in the presence of hydroquinone, but was favored by nonpolar solvent and polymerization temperature. The energy of activation was 90.3 KJ mol^?1. An average value of k/k_t for the present system was found to be 0.37 × 10^?2. The results are explained in terms of a radical mode of polymerization with degradative initiator transfer; the principal mode of termination, however, was bimolecular.     

Melt-polymerizable bisimido-bisphthalonitriles containing silicon,fluoro, and ether groups: Synthesis,characterization, and NMR study

Various melt-polymerizable bisimido-bisphthalonitrile polymer precursors were synthesized by the reaction of 4-aminophthalonitrile (4-APN) with bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) dimethylsilane dianhydride (SIDA), 4,4′-hexafluoroisopropylidene diphthalic anhydride (6FDA), bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)ether dianhydride (ODPA), and 3,3′, 4,4′-tetracarboxylichenzophen+ne dianhydride (BTDA) in an aprotic solvent. The synthesized monomers showed crystalline melting at 269 and 271°C. Elemental analysis, differential thermal analysis (DTA), infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) and mass spectral studies were carried out to characterize the synthesized monomers. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the synthesized monomers showed their thermal stability at 410–400°C. A detailed study and NMR investigation of the first step of condensation reaction was carried out and indicated the formation of a transient charge transfer complex. Thermal cyclization of the formed intermediate, however, gave the required monomers. A preliminary study demonstrated that melt-polymerization of the synthesized monomers gave thermallystable, tough polymers.