Influence of cooling rate on crystallisation kinetics on microstructure of cast zinc alloys

In this study, the change of the cooling rate in the range of about 0.1–1 °C s^?1 and the addition of Sr on the crystallization kinetics of the cast zinc alloys of the ZnAlCu type, as well as its relation to the microstructure were also investigated. Therefore, the aim of the rapid crystallisation is the achievement of materials with better properties, which can be obtained by refinement of the dendritic or eutectic microstructure, elimination of segregation, or creation of metastable phases and their morphology changes. In the investigated alloys, the change of cooling rate of 1 °C s^?1 has caused microstructure’s refinement as well as increase in hardness. Increase in the cooling rate causes also morphology changes of the η + α eutectic, and makes generally a global overcooling of the alloy as well as change in the temperatures at the beginning of crystallization T _DN and of the alloy crystallization T _S. The presented investigations concerning the electron microscopy methods, including transmission electron microscopy, allow revealing the crystallographic structure, based on the d-spacing changes, as well as the diffraction method used for phase determination, which is a helpful tool for the explanation of the important points in the thermo-derivative analysis curve, where the relation between the amount of phase and the occurrence of new phases can be determined.     

Platinum Complexes Containing Pyramidalized Germanium and Tin Dihalide Ligands Bound through σ,σ ME Multiple Bonds

We present the isolation of the first mononuclear dihalogermylene, and mono‐ and dinuclear stannylene complexes of transition metals. These exhibit exceptionally pyramidalized Group 14 centers. Additionally, removal of the halide substituents from the Ge/Sn atom was successfully performed in two ways, halide abstraction and reduction, leading to a variety of unusual structural motifs.     

Is Electrostatics Sufficient to Describe Hydrogen‐Bonding Interactions?

The stability and geometry of a hydrogen‐bonded dimer is traditionally attributed mainly to the central moiety A?H???B, and is often discussed only in terms of electrostatic interactions. The influence of substituents and of interactions other than electrostatic ones on the stability and geometry of hydrogen‐bonded complexes has seldom been addressed. An analysis of the interaction energy in the water dimer and several alcohol dimers—performed in the present work by using symmetry‐adapted perturbation theory—shows that the size and shape of substituents strongly influence the stabilization of hydrogen‐bonded complexes. The larger and bulkier the substituents are, the more important the attractive dispersion interaction is, which eventually becomes of the same magnitude as the total stabilization energy. Electrostatics alone are a poor predictor of the hydrogen‐bond stability trends in the sequence of dimers investigated, and in fact, dispersion interactions predict these trends better.     

Antiaromaticity to Aromaticity: From Boroles to 1,2‐Azaborinines by Ring Expansion with Azides

We have exploited the reactivity of antiaromatic boroles, gaining access to aryl‐substituted monocyclic 1,2‐azaborinines. The observed ring‐expansion reaction of inherently electron‐deficient boroles with organometallic and organic azides is demonstrated for representative examples. This substance class is expected to provide a new avenue into 1,2‐azaborinine chemistry, especially in the area of functional organoboron materials. Our results are based on NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy as well as single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography and provide a virtually quantitative approach that also offers numerous points of variation.     

Cooperative,Reversible Self‐Assembly of Covalently Pre‐Linked Proteins into Giant Fibrous Structures

We demonstrate a simple bioconjugate polymer system that undergoes reversible self‐assembling into extended fibrous structures, reminiscent of those observed in living systems. It is comprised of green fluorescent protein (GFP) molecules linked into linear oligomeric strands through click step growth polymerization with dialkyne poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). Confocal microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and dynamic light scattering revealed that such strands form high persistence length fibers, with lengths reaching tens of micrometers, and uniform, sub‐100 nm widths. We ascribe this remarkable and robust form of self‐assembly to the cooperativity arising from the known tendency of GFP molecules to dimerize through localized hydrophobic patches and from their covalent pre‐linking with flexible PEO. Dissipative particle dynamics simulations of a coarse‐grained model of the system revealed its tendency to form elongated fibrous aggregates, suggesting the general nature of this mode of self‐assembly.     

Isolation of a Neutral Boron‐Containing Radical Stabilized by a Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbene

Utilizing a cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) as a ligand, neutral CAAC‐stabilized radicals containing a boryl functionality could be prepared by reduction of the corresponding haloborane adducts. The radical species with a duryl substituent was fully characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis, EPR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. Compared to known neutral boryl radicals, the isolated radical species showed larger spin density on the boron atom. Furthermore, the compound that was isolated is extraordinarily stable to high temperatures under inert conditions, both in solution and in the solid state. Electrochemical investigations of the radical suggest the possibility to generate a stable formal boryl anion species.     

Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Retention of Bioactive Compounds,On-Line Antioxidant Capacity and Color of the Novel Snack from Red-Fleshed Apples

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different drying methods: convective (at 50, 60, 70 °C), vacuum-microwave (at 120, 240, 360, 480 W and 360 W with reduction to 120 W) and hybrid (convective pre-drying at 50, 60, 70 °C followed by vacuum-microwave drying at 120 W) on the quality parameters of novel red-fleshed apple fruit snacks (RFAs), such as phenolics, on-line antioxidant capacity, water activity and color. Drying kinetics, including a temperature profile of dried material, and modified Page model were determined. Freeze-drying was used as a control method. The highest content of bioactive compounds in the samples was retained following freeze-drying, then hybrid, vacuum-microwave and finally convection drying. The antioxidant capacity measured by on-line 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), identified anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols and phenolic acid as the main compounds responsible for this activity. Unfavorable changes in color, formation of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and degradation of polyphenolics were noted along with increasing drying temperature and magnetron power. The red-fleshed apple snacks are a promising high-quality dehydrated food product belonging to functional foods category.     

Blue-Shift Hydrogen Bonds in Silyltriptycene Derivatives: Antibonding σ* Orbitals of the Si−C Bond as Effective Acceptors of Electron Density

Triptycene derivatives are widely utilized in different fields of chemistry and materials sciences. Their physicochemical properties, often of pivotal importance for the rational design of triptycene-based functional materials, are influenced by noncovalent interactions between substituents mounted on the triptycene skeleton. Herein, a unique interaction between electron-rich substituents in the peri position and the silyl group located on the bridgehead sp³-carbon is discussed on the example of 1,4-dichloro-9-(p-methoxyphenyl)-silyltriptycene (TRPCl) which exists in solution in the form of two rotamers differing by dispositions, syn or anti, of the Si−C_Ph (the C_Ph atom is from the p-methoxyphenyl group) bond against the peri-Cl atom. For the first time, substantial differences between the Si−C_Ph bonds in these two dispositions are identified, based on indirect experimental and direct theoretical evidence. For these two orientations, the experimental ¹J(Si,C_Ph) values differ by as much as 10 percent. The differences are explained in terms of effective electron density transfer from the peri-Cl atom to the antibonding σ* orbitals of the Si−X bonds (X=H, C_Ph) oriented anti to that atom. The electronic effects are revealed by an NBO analysis. Connections of these observations with the notion of blue-shifting hydrogen bonds are discussed.     

Synthesis,experimental and in silico studies of N‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl‐O‐tert‐butyl‐N‐methyltyrosine,coupled with CSD data: a survey of interactions in the crystal structures of Fmoc–amino acids

Recently, fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) amino acids (e.g. Fmoc–tyrosine or Fmoc–phenylalanine) have attracted growing interest in biomedical research and industry, with special emphasis directed towards the design and development of novel effective hydrogelators, biomaterials or therapeutics. With this in mind, a systematic knowledge of the structural and supramolecular features in recognition of those properties is essential. This work is the first comprehensive summary of noncovalent interactions combined with a library of supramolecular synthon patterns in all crystal structures of amino acids with the Fmoc moiety reported so far. Moreover, a new Fmoc‐protected amino acid, namely, 2‐{[(9H‐fluoren‐9‐ylmethoxy)carbonyl](methyl)amino}‐3‐{4‐[(2‐hydroxypropan‐2‐yl)oxy]phenyl}propanoic acid or N‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl‐O‐tert‐butyl‐N‐methyltyrosine, Fmoc‐N‐Me‐Tyr(t‐Bu)‐OH, C₂₉H₃₁NO₅, was successfully synthesized and the structure of its unsolvated form was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The structural, conformational and energy landscape was investigated in detail by combined experimental and in silico approaches, and further compared to N‐Fmoc‐phenylalanine [Draper et al. (2015). CrystEngComm, 42 , 8047–8057]. Geometries were optimized by the density functional theory (DFT) method either in vacuo or in solutio. The polarizable conductor calculation model was exploited for the evaluation of the hydration effect. Hirshfeld surface analysis revealed that H…H, C…H/H…C and O…H/H…O interactions constitute the major contributions to the total Hirshfeld surface area in all the investigated systems. The molecular electrostatic potentials mapped over the surfaces identified the electrostatic complementarities in the crystal packing. The prediction of weak hydrogen‐bonded patterns via Full Interaction Maps was computed. Supramolecular motifs formed via C—H…O, C—H…π, (fluorenyl)C—H…Cl(I), C—Br…π(fluorenyl) and C—I…π(fluorenyl) interactions are observed. Basic synthons, in combination with the Long‐Range Synthon Aufbau Modules, further supported by energy‐framework calculations, are discussed. Furthermore, the relevance of Fmoc‐based supramolecular hydrogen‐bonding patterns in biocomplexes are emphasized, for the first time.