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81.
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83.
【摘 要】进行了99.6%工业纯铝和99.99%高纯铝(退火和冷加工)的扭转疲劳试验,测定了经过各种应力循环数N以后的滞后迴线的形状和面积,从而算出了在每次循环中的能量消耗ΔE和最大抗扭矩Tm。对于所得到的ΔE-N曲线和Tm-N曲线进行了分析,并与在疲劳试验的各个阶段对于试样表面所作的金相观测结果作了比较,认为在试样中未出现局部滑移区以前,引起ΔE和Tm的基本过程是空位对于位错的钉紥作用,这是一种体积效应,但是在局部滑移区出现以后,这种滑移区引起额外的能量消耗,而对于Tm的影响并不显著,因而在这个阶段里Tm和ΔE的变化便不再彼此相对应。这种分析可以澄清过去文献中关于ΔE和Tm(代表硬度变化)在疲劳过程中的变化的许多互不一致的结果。假定实验所观测到的曲线是这两种过程(整体过程和局部过程)所引起的效应的迭加,并且假定这两种过程对于ΔE和Tm的贡献由于疲劳振幅的大小、试样的处理状态(退火或冷加工)以及所合杂质之不同而异,可以满意地解释实验所观测到的各种曲线的形状和位置。这个观点的正确与否还有待于进一步的实验证实。 相似文献
84.
【摘 要】本文研究了各种处理对于含铜1%、2%和4%的铝合金在疲劳载荷下ΔE和Tm的变化的影响,并进行了相应的金相观测。用Al-1%Cu合金所进行的试验指出,当外加扭应变较大时,ΔE和Tm曲线的形状类似于高纯铝或工业纯铝;当扭应变较小时,或在室温进行预先时效后,曲线的形状类似于Al-4%Cu合金。这些结果都可以根据溶质原子对于位错的交互作用的看法得到解释。对于Al-1%Cu和Al-2%Cu合金进行了断续的疲劳载荷试验,结果证明了ΔE在疲劳后期的上升是由于试样里出现了集中的粗滑移区,而不是由于疲劳载荷引起了过时效从而使试样发生软化的结果。用Al-4%Cu合金进行了疲劳和再溶处理的试验,根据ΔE和Tm曲线的表现情况来看,认为如在ΔE的后期上升后立即对试样进行再溶处理,即可以使试样回复到原来的状态,但当ΔE上升过了一个时期以后,由于试样中已有裂缝出现,对试样进行再溶处理,反足以加速试样的断裂。根据实验结果,可以总结出两个具有实际意义的推论:(1)由于粗滑移带的出现是形成疲劳裂缝的先声,所以有可能通过测量ΔE的方法来查知初发裂缝的形成;(2)通过加入合金元素和进行热处理的方法,可以推迟粗滑移带的出现,从而提高铝合金试样的疲劳寿命。 相似文献
85.
86.
A data-processing technique is proposed for use with conventional frequency-chirped absorption spectroscopy to ensure accurate mapping of spectral features into time-domain signatures with arbitrarily fast readout chirp rates. This technique recovers the spectrum from a signal that is distorted owing to the fast chirp rate and therefore facilitates fast measurement of the spectral features over a broad spectral range with high resolution. Both numerical simulations and experimental results are presented. 相似文献
87.
湍流效应对光通信链路的影响研究与仿真 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
通过对大气湍流效应的分析,研究了激光在大气中传输时受大气随机信道的影响,通过软件实时显示光斑的闪烁、漂移,为进一步优化激光通信系统性能设计,最终实现全天候的大气激光通信做了有意义的探索。 相似文献
88.
Roth KM Yasseri AA Liu Z Dabke RB Malinovskii V Schweikart KH Yu L Tiznado H Zaera F Lindsey JS Kuhr WG Bocian DF 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2003,125(2):505-517
Redox kinetics were measured for two electroactive molecules attached to Si(100) surfaces, a ferrocene (Fc-BzOH) and a Zn(II) trimesitylporphyrin (Por-BzOH). Each molecule was derivatized with a benzyl alcohol linker for attachment to the Si surface via the formation of a Si-O bond. A complete protocol was developed for the preparation of stable Si(100) surfaces derivatized with the electroactive molecules. The redox-kinetic measurements were performed on the resulting Fc-BzOH and Por-BzOH monolayers to probe (1) the rate of electron transfer (k0) for oxidation in the presence of applied potentials and (2) the rate of charge dissipation after the applied potential is disconnected (in the form of a charge-retention half-life t1/2). The k0 values for the two types of monolayers were found to be similar to one another as were the t1/2 values. Perhaps more importantly, the electron-transfer rates for both the Fc-BzOH and the Por-BzOH monolayers differ from the charge-dissipation rates by approximately 6 orders of magnitude and are strongly dependent on the surface concentration of the electroactive species. For the Por-BzOH monolayers on Si(100), the k0 and t1/2 values and their trends as a function of surface coverage were determined to be similar to those previously measured for the analogous thiol-derivatized molecule assembled on Au(111). In contrast, the Fc-BzOH monolayers on Si(100) were found to exhibit much slower electron-transfer and charge-dissipation rates than those in the corresponding thiol-Au(111) case. Two alternative hypotheses are advanced to explain both the diminution in rates with increased surface coverage and the contrasting behavior with the analogous thiols on Au, one based on space-charge effects at the monolayer-solution interface, and a second relying on changes in distance of the redox centers from the surface as modulated by the orientation of the linking chains. Collectively, the ability to prepare and study stable, electroactive molecular media on Si(100) is likely to be key in the development of hybrid molecular/semiconductor devices. 相似文献
89.
Plaut DJ Martin SM Kjaer K Weygand MJ Lahav M Leiserowitz L Weissbuch I Ward MD 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2003,125(51):15922-15934
Crystalline ternary inclusion monolayers consisting of a two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded host network of guanidinium (G) ions and organosulfonate (S) amphiphiles, and biphenylalkane guests, can be generated at the air-water interface through synergistic structural enforcement by hydrogen bonding and host-guest packing. Surface pressure-area isotherms of the 4'-hexadecylbiphenyl-4-sulfonate (C16BPS) amphiphile in the presence of G, with or without guest, are characterized by lift-off molecular areas expected for the GS sheet based on single-crystal X-ray structures of homologous bulk crystals. Intercalation of biphenylalkane guests (4-C(n)()H(2)(n)()(+1)-C(6)H(4)-C(6)H(5), n = 1, 4, 6, 10, 16; denoted CnBP) between organosulfonate hydrophobes, which define pocketlike cavities in the GS monolayer host, afford ternary inclusion monolayers with a 1:1 host-guest stoichiometry. These inclusion monolayers are less compressible than the guest-free host, consistent with dense packing of the biphenylalkane moieties of the host and the biphenylalkane guests. The inclusion monolayers are distinguished from the amorphous guest-free host and from selected guanidinium-free mixed monolayers by structural characterization with grazing-angle incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD). The GIXD data for the ternary (G)C16BPS:C16BP and (G)C16BPS:C6BP inclusion monolayers obtained upon compression are consistent with a rectangular unit cell. The dimensions of these unit cells and refinement of the GIXD data suggest a "rotated shifted ribbon" GS hydrogen-bonding motif similar to that observed in some bulk GS crystals, including (G)(ethylbiphenylsulfonate). GIXD reveals that (G)C16BPS:C16BP and (G)C16BPS:C6BP are more crystalline than the corresponding guanidinium-free mixed monolayers. The (G)C16BPS:C6BP inclusion monolayer is stable upon compression, even though the alkyl-alkyl host-guest interactions are reduced due to the shorter hexyl substituents of the guest, demonstrating an important reinforcing role for the hydrogen-bonded GS sheet. The structure of a C16BPS:tetracosane (C24) mixed monolayer is independent of G; the unit cell symmetry and dimensions suggest a structure governed by alkyl-alkane interactions that prohibit formation of a GS network. These results illustrate that the existence of ternary inclusion monolayers with an intact GS network requires guest molecules that are structurally homologous with the hydrophobes of the host, in this case biphenylalkanes. The observation of these inclusion compounds suggests an approach for introducing functional nonamphiphilic molecules to an air-water interface through inclusion in a well-defined host. 相似文献
90.
Torbjørn Helvik Kristian Lindgren Mats G. Nordahl 《Communications in Mathematical Physics》2007,272(1):53-74
We introduce a local version of the Shannon entropy in order to describe information transport in spatially extended dynamical
systems, and to explore to what extent information can be viewed as a local quantity. Using an appropriately defined information
current, this quantity is shown to obey a local conservation law in the case of one-dimensional reversible cellular automata
with arbitrary initial measures. The result is also shown to apply to one-dimensional surjective cellular automata in the
case of shift-invariant measures. Bounds on the information flow are also shown. 相似文献