Multi-channel gain and noise figure evaluation of Raman/EDFA hybrid amplifiers

We present detailed multi-channel experimental characterization of different configurations of single pump hybrid Raman-erbium doped fiber (EDF) amplifiers. The incorporation of an EDF section in a dispersion compensating Raman amplifier is demonstrated to provide superior performance than Raman only system. It is shown that the multi-channel gain spectrum is quite different form the single-channel case. We have also measured the polarization dependent gain (PDG) of the hybrid amplifier configurations and results show that different configurations of hybrid amplifiers have different PDG effects on long-haul optically amplified link.     

Elastic constants of sodium chlorate from 77 K to 350 K

The elastic constantsC ₁₁,C ₁₂ andC ₄₄ of sodium chlorate single crystal have been evaluated using 10 MHz ultrasonic pulse echo superposition technique. The values areC ₁₁=4.90,C ₁₂=1.39,C ₄₄=1.17 (× 10¹⁰ N/m ²) at 298 K and 6.15, 2.16, 1.32 (×10¹⁰ N/m ²) at 77 K. The data agree well with the values measured earlier up to 223 K. Brief mention is also made of the low temperature bonding problems in these soft crystals.     

Dynamic calibration of shock overpressure transducers

Piezoelectric transducers for dynamic overpressure measurements are commonly calibrated with static or quasistatic loads and the calibration is extrapolated to frequencies up to 30% of the resonant frequency of the piezoelectric crystal. Sinusoidal pressure generators are also used for dynamic calibration up to 500 Hz in the range of 3 MPa. This paper describes a method for dynamic calibration using transient overpressures, with rise time of 2 μsec and width 40 μsec, generated by exploding wires in air. The calibration is done in the range of 600 kPa.     

The study of solute—solute forces by NMR relaxation

By calculation it is found that the enhancement of the NMR relaxation rate of ⁷Li⁺ by Mn²⁺ or Ni²⁺ in aqueous solution is measurably different for two models which are consistent with other magnetic relaxation and thermodynamic data for the solutions.     

Raman spectra of alkali halides

In this article, we present a comparative study of the Raman spectra of alkali halides in relation to the lattice dynamics ofBorn andRaman. It is shown that the experimentally observed limit of the second-order spectra in almost all the cases can be explained well by the Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relation. It is also seen, while, an explanation of the second-order Raman spectrum of a crystal of diamond or zinc blende structure requires the frequencies from the critical points,W, Γ, X andL inBorn's analysis, the frequencies fromΓ, X andL alone are sufficient and necessary for an interpretation of the same onRaman's model. Some similarities in the determination of the long wave properties of crystals like elastic constants and limiting frequencies of the lattice vibrations in the symmetry directions in both the models are pointed out.     

Effect of Pr-Ca substitution on the transport and magnetic behavior of LaMnO3 perovskite

The effect of simultaneous substitution of a fluctuating cation and a divalent cation in LaMnO₃ perovskite modifies the properties of the material to exhibit large valence colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) effect. A good example of these properties is (La_1−2x Pr _x Ca _x )MnO₃ (LPCMO) type CMR material. In this communication it is reported that, with the increase in x (for x=0.1, 0.15, 0.2), the T _c varies between 100 and 120 K with improvisation in metal-insulator transition. Interestingly, resistance increases with x from few hundred ohms to few kilo ohms with corresponding decrease in the unit cell volume. The results of the studies using X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrical resistivity, magnetoresistance and ac susceptibility measurements on LPCMO samples for understanding the structural, transport and magnetic properties are discussed in detail.     

Ropinirole hydro­chloride,a dopamine agonist

Ropinirole hydro­chloride, or diethyl[2‐(2‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐indol‐4‐yl)ethyl]ammonium chloride, C₁₆H₂₅N₂O⁺·Cl⁻, belongs to a class of new non‐ergoline dopamine agonists which bind specifically to D2‐like receptors with a selectivity similar to that of dopamine (D3 > D2 > D4). The N atom in the ethyl­amine side chain is protonated and there is a hydrogen bond between it and the Cl⁻ ion. In the crystal structure, two cations and two anions form inversion‐related cyclic dimers via N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds.