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101.
Lau JK Wong CH Ng PS Siu FM Ma NL Tsang CW 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2003,9(14):3383-3396
The potassium cation affinities (PCAs) of 136 ligands (20 classes) in the gas phase were established by hybrid density functional theory calculations (B3-LYP with the 6-311+G(3df,2p) basis set). For these 136 ligands, 70 experimental values are available for comparison. Except for five specific PCA values-those of phenylalanine, cytosine, guanine, adenine (kinetic-method measurement), and Me(2)SO (by high-pressure mass spectrometric equilibrium measurement)-our theoretical estimates and the experimental affinities are in excellent agreement (mean absolute deviation (MAD) of 4.5 kJ mol(-1)). Comparisons with previously reported theoretical PCAs are also made. The effect of substituents on the modes of binding and the PCAs of unsubstituted parent ligands are discussed. Linear relations between Li+/Na+ and K+ affinities suggest that for the wide range of ligands studied here, the nature of binding between the cations and a given ligand is similar, and this allows the estimation of PCAs from known Li+ and/or Na+ affinities. Furthermore, empirical equations relating the PCAs of ligands with their dipole moments, polarizabilities (or molecular weights), and the number of binding sites were established. Such equations offer a simple method for estimating the PCAs of ligands not included in the present study. 相似文献
102.
Protonation and bromination of an osmabenzyne: reactions leading to the formation of new metallabenzynes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wen TB Ng SM Hung WY Zhou ZY Lo MF Shek LY Williams ID Lin Z Jia G 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2003,125(4):884-885
The reactivities of benzynes and metal-carbyne complexes are normally associated with the triple bond units. However, we have now found that electrophiles do not attack the formal osmium-carbon triple bond of osmabenzyne complex 1. Instead, 1 undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions-the typical reactions of aromatic systems. 相似文献
103.
The structural synergy between biominerals (CaCO(3), hydroxyapatite) and biosubstrates were examined for the first time. The templating effect of substrate and a newly identified supersaturation-driven interfacial structure mismatch effect were identified in the context of a new nucleation model. It follows that the heterogeneous nucleation which corresponds to a good structural match and synergy between biominerals and substrates will promote an ordered, compact, and tough complex biomineral structure, and occur only at low supersaturations, whereas at high supersaturations the heterogeneous nucleation associated with a poor structural match and synergy between biominerals and substrates will become dominant due to supersaturation-driven interfacial structural mismatch. The latter normally results in a disordered and porous structure. A phenomenon, so-called microgravity-driven homogeneous nucleation, was also examined. It turns out that microgravity will suppress convection and consequently promote homogeneous-like nucleation during biomineralization. This could be responsible for microgravity-induced osteoporousis. 相似文献
104.
Evans DA Seidel D Rueping M Lam HW Shaw JT Downey CW 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2003,125(42):12692-12693
A highly enantioselective, nitroaldol reaction catalyzed by a chiral Cu(II) bis(oxazoline) complex has been developed. The reaction scope includes both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes (15 examples) affording products in good yields and enantioselectivities (87-94% ee). An X-ray structure of the catalyst has been provided along with a rationalization of the sense of asymmetric induction. 相似文献
105.
In this paper we study three-color Ramsey numbers. Let K
i,j
denote a complete i by j bipartite graph. We shall show that (i) for any connected graphs G
1, G
2 and G
3, if r(G
1, G
2)≥s(G
3), then r(G
1, G
2, G
3)≥(r(G
1, G
2)−1)(χ(G
3)−1)+s(G
3), where s(G
3) is the chromatic surplus of G
3; (ii) (k+m−2)(n−1)+1≤r(K
1,k
, K
1,m
, K
n
)≤ (k+m−1)(n−1)+1, and if k or m is odd, the second inequality becomes an equality; (iii) for any fixed m≥k≥2, there is a constant c such that r(K
k,m
, K
k,m
, K
n
)≤c(n/logn), and r(C
2m
, C
2m
, K
n
)≤c(n/logn)
m/(m−1)
for sufficiently large n.
Received: July 25, 2000 Final version received: July 30, 2002
RID="*"
ID="*" Partially supported by RGC, Hong Kong; FRG, Hong Kong Baptist University; and by NSFC, the scientific foundations of
education ministry of China, and the foundations of Jiangsu Province
Acknowledgments. The authors are grateful to the referee for his valuable comments.
AMS 2000 MSC: 05C55 相似文献
106.
We make a conjecture that the number of isolated local minimum points of a 2n-degree or (2n+1)-degree r-variable polynomial is not greater than n
r when n 2. We show that this conjecture is the minimal estimate, and is true in several cases. In particular, we show that a cubic polynomial of r variables may have at most one local minimum point though it may have 2r critical points. We then study the global minimization problem of an even-degree multivariate polynomial whose leading order coefficient tensor is positive definite. We call such a multivariate polynomial a normal multivariate polynomial. By giving a one-variable polynomial majored below a normal multivariate polynomial, we show the existence of a global minimum of a normal multivariate polynomial, and give an upper bound of the norm of the global minimum and a lower bound of the global minimization value. We show that the quartic multivariate polynomial arising from broad-band antenna array signal processing, is a normal polynomial, and give a computable upper bound of the norm of the global minimum and a computable lower bound of the global minimization value of this normal quartic multivariate polynomial. We give some sufficient and necessary conditions for an even order tensor to be positive definite. Several challenging questions remain open. 相似文献
107.
Boto AN Kok P Abrams DS Braunstein SL Williams CP Dowling JP 《Physical review letters》2000,85(13):2733-2736
Classical optical lithography is diffraction limited to writing features of a size lambda/2 or greater, where lambda is the optical wavelength. Using nonclassical photon-number states, entangled N at a time, we show that it is possible to write features of minimum size lambda/(2N) in an N-photon absorbing substrate. This result allows one to write a factor of N2 more elements on a semiconductor chip. A factor of N = 2 can be achieved easily with entangled photon pairs generated from optical parametric down-conversion. It is shown how to write arbitrary 2D patterns by using this method. 相似文献
108.
109.
P. J. J. Kok J. B. M. de Haas K. Abrahams H. Postma W. J. Huiskamp 《Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei》1986,324(3):271-281
Theγ-radiation from the10B(n,γ) reaction is studied using an unpolarized target. More accurate values for energies of transitions in11B could be determined. No new levels have been found. TheQ value of this reaction: 11,454.1 (2)keV, is in agreement with earlier experiments. Also a new value for the cross section could be derived: 0.29 (4) barn, which is a factor 5 more accurate than earlier experiments. The10B(n, α)7 Li reaction, leading to the 478 keV state in7Li, is studied by means of polarized10B nuclei and polarized neutrons. The resulting anisotropy in the directional distribution of the7Li particles manifests itself in the Doppler broadening of the 478 keV line. Analysis of the line shape directly yields the conclusion, that the reaction proceeds for more than 96% through theJ=7/2 channel of11B in case of destructive channel interference of theJ=5/2 channel. Constructive channel interference is only possible if the reaction proceeds for more than 99.5% through theJ=7/2 channel. It appeared that the outcomingα and7Li particles are emitted predominantly in directions perpendicular to the nuclear orientation axis. 相似文献
110.