全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2517篇 |
免费 | 93篇 |
国内免费 | 15篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 1986篇 |
晶体学 | 19篇 |
力学 | 46篇 |
数学 | 139篇 |
物理学 | 435篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 11篇 |
2022年 | 20篇 |
2021年 | 31篇 |
2020年 | 41篇 |
2019年 | 49篇 |
2018年 | 44篇 |
2017年 | 34篇 |
2016年 | 65篇 |
2015年 | 69篇 |
2014年 | 77篇 |
2013年 | 125篇 |
2012年 | 137篇 |
2011年 | 190篇 |
2010年 | 90篇 |
2009年 | 121篇 |
2008年 | 194篇 |
2007年 | 171篇 |
2006年 | 165篇 |
2005年 | 140篇 |
2004年 | 140篇 |
2003年 | 109篇 |
2002年 | 87篇 |
2001年 | 29篇 |
2000年 | 35篇 |
1999年 | 33篇 |
1998年 | 26篇 |
1997年 | 23篇 |
1996年 | 27篇 |
1995年 | 14篇 |
1994年 | 18篇 |
1993年 | 17篇 |
1992年 | 13篇 |
1991年 | 12篇 |
1990年 | 13篇 |
1989年 | 11篇 |
1988年 | 12篇 |
1987年 | 14篇 |
1986年 | 8篇 |
1985年 | 21篇 |
1984年 | 27篇 |
1983年 | 13篇 |
1982年 | 25篇 |
1981年 | 19篇 |
1980年 | 12篇 |
1979年 | 13篇 |
1978年 | 9篇 |
1977年 | 8篇 |
1976年 | 8篇 |
1975年 | 10篇 |
1973年 | 15篇 |
排序方式: 共有2625条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
Toshikatsu Sata Koji Matsusaki 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》1996,34(11):2123-2133
Various anion exchange membranes containing the 4,4′-bipyridine moiety as anion exchange groups were prepared from membranous copolymers of chloromethylstyrene and divinylbenzene and membranes of chloromethylated polysulfone and 4,4′-bipyridine. After evaluating the electrochemical properties of the obtained anion exchange membranes, the effect of membrane species on the generation of a photovoltage was examined by irradiation using a xenon lamp. The membranes swelled with ethylene glycol were clamped between two ITO electrodes and sealed by adhesive. The generated photovoltage and photocurrent from about a 120 μm thick membrane were about 80 mV and 400 nA, respectively, in a 200K Ω load resistance, though dependent of membrane species. The voltage decreased with increasing crosslinking by the divinylbenzene in the copolymer membranes. The effect of counter ion species on the voltage was examined and a chloride ion form of membrane showed the highest photovoltage. The membranes with different thicknesses, which were prepared from polysulfone derivatives, were evaluated and the voltage decreased with decreasing thickness. Even a porous membrane from polysulfone derivatives showed a photovoltage though a porous membrane in which a methyl viologen ethylene glycol solution had been impregnated did not have a stable voltage. Also, the anion exchange membrane containing the benzyl trimethylammonium moiety, which is the conventional anion exchange groups, did not show a high and stable photovoltage upon photoirradiation. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
82.
83.
84.
Tokuyuki Kuroda Koji Hisamura Ikuo Matsukuma Hiroshi Nishikawa Makoto Morimoto Tadashi Ashizawa Nobuhiro Nakamizo Yoshio Otsuji 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》1992,29(5):1133-1142
Seventeen compounds having a variety of substituents at the 3- and 5′-positions of 2′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5-FUdR) and 5-fluorouridine (5-FUR) were synthesized, and their γ-radiolysis in aqueous solutions were studied. The compounds having thioureido (RNHCSNH, R H, PhCH2, acyl) and thiocarbonylamino (XCSNH, X PhCH2S, PhO) groups at the 3-position of 5-FUdR were efficiently cleaved to give 5-FUdR with high G values upon γ-irradiation of their aqueous solutions. The active species for these cleavage reactions were hydrated electron (e− aq), H• and HO•. However, the compounds having a dimethylsulfoxyimino group at 3-position of 5-FUdR and 5-FUR afforded 5-FUdR and 5-FUR only under the radiolysis conditions where e− aq becomes a principal active species. The compound having a 2-benzoylthiazoylthiocarbonylamino group at the 3-position of 5-FUdR showed the highest reactivity toward HO.. The mechanisms of these γ-radiolysis reactions are discussed. The examination of anticellular activities of γ-irradiated compounds having a thiocarbonylamino group at the 3-position of 5-FUdR toward murine Sarcoma 180 cells revealed that these compounds may be utilized as a candidate for a radiation-induced drug (RID). 相似文献
85.
86.
Koji Nemoto 《Tetrahedron letters》2009,50(31):4512-7862
The Lewis acid-mediated carboxylation of arenes with CO2 has been successfully applied to 1-substituted indoles and pyrroles by using dialkylaluminum chlorides instead of aluminum trihalides. Thus, the carboxylation of 1-methylindoles, 1-benzyl-, and 1-phenylpyrroles proceeds regioselectively with the aid of an equimolar amount of Me2AlCl under CO2 pressure (3.0 MPa) at room temperature to afford the corresponding indole-3-carboxylic acids and pyrrole-2-carboxylic acids in 61-85% yields, while the same treatment of 1,2,5-trimethylpyrrole affords the 3-carboxylic acid in 52% yield. 相似文献
87.
Silhanek AV Ebihara T Harrison N Jaime M Tezuka K Fanelli V Batista CD 《Physical review letters》2006,96(20):206401
We show that antiferromagnetism in lightly (approximately 8%) Sn-doped CeIn3 terminates at a critical field mu0H(c) = 42 +/- 2 T. Electrical transport and thermodynamic measurements reveal the effective mass m* not to diverge, suggesting that cubic CeIn3 is representative of a critical spin-density wave (SDW) scenario, unlike the local quantum critical points reported in anisotropic systems such as CeCu(6-x)Au(x) and YbRh2Si(2-x)Ge(x). The existence of a maximum in m* at a lower field mu0H(x) = 30 +/- 1 T may be interpreted as a field-induced crossover from local moment to SDW behavior as the Néel temperature falls below the Fermi temperature. 相似文献
88.
Problem-based learning (PBL) and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) are two acronyms widely visible in education literature today. However, few studies have explored these in connection with one another, specifically with regard to teacher preparation. This study investigated how 47 prospective elementary teachers developed PBL units and how they integrated STEM and other disciplines into those units. It also addressed the affordances and constraints of integrated STEM as perceived by the prospective elementary teachers. Data sources in this multimethod study included PBL units and interviews. Findings revealed that all of the units integrated at least two of the STEM disciplines, as well as literacy, in a variety of ways. The prospective teachers articulated perceived benefits of integrated STEM, such as: making connections across content areas, preparing students for the real world, teaching students that failure is not a bad thing, and providing future opportunities. They also addressed perceived barriers of integrated STEM, such as: having limited experience with the content, diminishing the effect of individual content areas, and needing better curriculum alignment. Overall, this study provides evidence that PBL can be a pedagogical approach to integrate STEM. Implications for teachers, teacher educators, and curriculum specialists are discussed. 相似文献
89.
Fabrication of microfluidic optical waveguides on glass chips with femtosecond laser pulses 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We describe the fabrication of microfluidic channel structures on the surface of a borosilicate glass slide by femtosecond laser direct writing for optical waveguide application. Liquid with a variable refractive index is fed into the microchannel, serving as the core of the waveguide. We demonstrate that either a multimode or a single-mode waveguide can be achieved by controlling the refractive index of the liquid. 相似文献
90.
Alkan A Kutlu R Hallac T Sigirci A Emul M Pala N Altinok T Aslan M Sarac K Ozcan C 《Magnetic resonance imaging》2004,22(5):707-713
Our purpose was to investigate, by magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy, the metabolite changes in the brains of subjects in the shoemaking industry who had been chronically exposed to organic solvents. A total of 49 male subjects and 30 age-matched healthy volunteers underwent detailed neurological and psychiatric examinations. All subjects had long-echo [repetition time (TR) 2000 ms, echo time (TE) 136 ms] single-voxel MR spectroscopy. Voxels (15 x 15 x 15 mm(3)) were placed in the parietal white matter, thalamus, and basal ganglia. N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) and choline (Cho)/Cr ratios were calculated. There was no significant difference between the study subjects and the control group in NAA/Cr ratios obtained from thalamus, basal ganglia, and parietal white matter. Cho/Cr ratios in thalamus, basal ganglia, and parietal white matter were found to be significantly increased compared to controls. There was a positive correlation between basal ganglia Cho/Cr ratio and duration of exposure (r = 0.63). MR spectroscopy should be performed to reveal metabolite changes and determine the degree of brain involvement in solvent-related industry workers. 相似文献