Fluorination with ionic liquid EMIMF(HF)2.3 as mild HF source

Hydrogen fluoride is a basic fluorinating reagent, but handling it is difficult. For this reason, some modified fluorinating reagents such as HF-pyridine, Et₃N-HF, and poly(hydrogen fluoride) complex have been developed. Those reagents, however, still require aqueous work-up procedures which generate hydrogen fluoride. Recently, ionic liquids have received much attention because of the ease in handling them and the possibility of non-aqueous work-up. An ionic liquid, 3-ethyl-1-methyimidazolium oligo hydrogen fluoride (EMIMF(HF)_2.3), which is stable in air and moisture, can be used as a hydrogen fluoride equivalent for some fluorination reactions; it does not require an aqueous work-up.     

Electronic structure of octane on Cu(1 1 1) and Ni(1 1 1) studied by near edge X-ray absorption fine structure

The electronic structure of an octane film grown on Cu(1 1 1) and Ni(1 1 1) was studied using C K-edge near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS). A pre-peak was observed on the bulk edge onset for the 1 ML thick octane films on the metal substrates. The pre-peak originated from metal induced gap states (MIGS) in the band gap of octane. The intensity of the pre-peak for octane/Ni(1 1 1) was the same as that of octane/Cu(1 1 1), suggesting that there was little difference in the density of unoccupied MIGS between the octane film on Ni(1 1 1) and Cu(1 1 1). We discuss the metal dependence of the density of unoccupied MIGS on the band structure of the metals.     

On the order of a group of even order

We present an upper bound for |G| of a group G of even order possessing a unique conjugacy class of involutions.     

Self-assembled monolayers of optically active Co(III) complexes: a new promoter electrode recognizing the electron transfer site in cytochrome c

A new-class of promoter electrode bearing a molecular recognition ability has been constructed; the chirality and/or orientation of promoter on the Au electrode surface have affected the electron transfer rate of cytochrome c.     

Indecomposable Sylow 2-Subgroups of Simple Groups

Let S be a Sylow 2-subgroup of a finite simple group and let S=S₁×S₂××S_k be the direct product and each component S_i, i=1,2,...,k is indecomposable. In this article, we prove that each S_i is also a Sylow 2-subgroup of some simple group. Mathematics Subject Classifications (2000) 20E32, 20D20.     

Probabilistic kinetics of macroprocesses in broken microscopic reversibility

Probabilistic kinetics following the Pauli master equation without microscopic reversibility determines an asymptotic structure of macroprocesses in a coarse-grained phase space of many degrees of freedom. The structure, which is asymptotically realized, minimizes its irreversible decay rate among various candidates. This least irreversible decay rate is consistent with the assertion for the minimum K-entropy which has been argued to apply to the nonequilibrium asymptotic state. The irreversible decay rate is a state function characteristic of macrostructure on a coarse-grained time scale. Macrofluctuations, which always appear around the asymptote as fluctuations of the state function, do not obey the central limit theorem, implying that fluctuations whose characteristic times are not less than some finite value are never excluded.