DISTRIBUTIONS OF FREE RADICALS AMONG AMINO ACIDS FROM LYOPHILIZED ULTRAVIOLET-IRRADIATED PROTEINS

Abstract— The effects of u.v.-irradiation at 254 nm upon lyophilized ribonuclease, lysozyme, insulin, and chymotrypsinogen have been investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR). enzymatic assay, and labeling of free radical sites with tritiated hydrogen sulfide (HST). The ESR signal of the irradiated protein diminishes on exposure to HST, and tritium becomes covalently bound to carbon. The distribution of tritium among the amino acids of each protein. studied as an indicator of the carbon free radical distribution, differs markedly from those observed previously to result from exposure to gamma radiation, electrical discharge. or hydrogen atoms. However, the earlier observation that the tritium distribution is influenced by protein conformation holds true as well for u.v.-irradiation. Moreover, the distributions of tritium among the amino acids of u.v.-irradiated proteins indicate a broad scattering of free radicals. Tyrosine and phenylalanine, residues that absorb light energy in the region of the wavelength employed, are not particularly important as radical carriers. Thus, for ribonuclease, these residues incorporated 3.8 and 1.5 per cent of the total tritium, but they absorb 51 and 12 per cent of the light, respectively. These results, together with the observed low recoveries of methionine, an amino acid that does not absorb at 254 nm, add weight to the concept that a migration of energy ensues after the initial absorption of light energy and that photolytic damage may thus be due to destruction of amino acids other than those initially absorbing the u.v.-radiation.     

Ein Beitrag zur Reaktivität von (η5-C5Me5)(CO)2FeP(SiMe3)2 gegenüber P-Chlormethylenphosphanen

On the Reactivity of (η⁵-C₅Me₅)(CO)₂FeP(SiMe₃)₂ Toward P-Chloromethylene phosphanes The reaction of (η⁵-C₅Me₅)(CO)₂FeP(SiMe₃)₂ ( 2 ) with three equivalents of Cl? P?C(SiMe₃)₂ ( 3a ) afforded the 3-methanediyl-1,3,5,6-tetraphosphabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene (η⁵-C₅Me₅)(CO)₂Fe? ( 6a ). In contrast, 2 reacts with two equivalents of Cl? P?C(Ph)SiMe₃ ( 3b ) to give the thermolabile (η⁵-C₅Me₅) · (CO)₂Fe? P[P?C(Ph)SiMe₃]₂ ( 4b ) which decomposed during the reaction with further 3b. 4 b was also obtained from (η⁵-C₅Me₅)(CO)₂Fe? P(SiMe₃)? P?C(SiMe₃)₂ ( 1a ) and two equivalents of 3b .     

Asymmetric synthesis of alpha-branched primary amines on solid support via novel hydrazine resins

[reaction: see text]. Two novel chiral hydrazine resins for asymmetric solid-phase synthesis have been developed. The enantiopure beta-methoxyamino auxiliaries, derived from trans-4-hydroxy-(S)-proline and (R)-leucine, were attached to Merrifield resin and transformed into their corresponding hydrazines. Immobilization of various aldehydes, followed by 1,2-addition of organolithium reagents to the resulting enantiopure hydrazones and reductive cleavage from the solid support, furnished alpha-branched amines, which were isolated as their corresponding amides in good overall yields and enantiomeric excesses of up to 86%.     

Chiral separation of highly negatively charged enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis

The separation of two highly negatively charged enantiomeric organic disulfates containing two chiral centers was investigated by capillary electrophoresis using cyclodextrin based chiral selectors added to the run buffer. The optimum separation for the enantiomers was achieved in less than 3 min at 25 degrees C with a run buffer of 10 mM glycine pH 2.4 and 5 mM QA-beta-CD, which is a positively charged quaternary ammonium beta-cyclodextrin derivative. The method resulted in baseline resolution, excellent linearity, and highly reproducible migration times allowing facile evaluation of the enantiomeric purity of the individual isomers. Detection limits for the enantiomeric pair were determined to be 0.3 ng/microl (S/N = 3). The nature of the selector-enantiomer interaction and a quantitative measurement of the apparent stability constants that governed chiral discrimination of the enantiomers with QA-beta-CD were also investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.     

A Type Calculus for Executable Modelling Languages

There is considerable current interest in the design and constructionof directly executable modelling languages for mathematicalprogramming. The present research extends contemporary modellinglanguages by specifying a type calculus for an extended dimensionalsystem that determines if the model is well formed in the sensethat the objective function and constraints consist of homogeneouscomponents. Each variable, coefficient, constant, function,constraint, input, and output of the model is assigned a typethat consists of its concepts, quantities, and units of measurementwith optional scale factors. In checking the composition offunctions and constraints, the system can do automatic unitconversions and apply user-supplied conversions. The systemallows a hierarchy of concepts that provides inheritance ofquantities and automatic concept conversion. In addition, eachset in a model is typed so the system can check the validityof operations on indices.