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51.
52.
P Keys 《The Journal of the Operational Research Society》2006,57(7):822-829
While much has been written about the theory and practice of using problem structuring methods (PSMs) there is little formal discussion of how individuals may effectively learn about their use. In this paper it is argued that a foundation for designing and providing a suitable learning environment lies in understanding the nature of being an expert user of PSMs and the knowledge that such experts hold and deploy. An analysis of how knowledge and expertise are grounded in the work involved in using PSMs is offered. This leads to some proposals for what is required if processes to support the acquisition of expertise in the use of PSMs are to be implemented. 相似文献
53.
We present results of Monte Carlo simulations measuring the coherent structure function of a chain moving through an ordered lattice of fixed topological obstacles. Our computer experiments use chains up to 320 beads and cover a large range of wave vectors and a time range exceeding the reptation time. For additional information we also measured the coherent structure function of internal pieces of the chain. We compare our results i) to the predictions of the primitive chain model, ii) to an approximate form resulting from Rouse motion in a coiled tube, and iii) to our recent evaluation of the full reptation model. i) The primitive chain model can fit the data for times
, where T
2 is the Rouse time of the chain. Besides some phenomenological amplitude factor this fit involves the reptation time T
3 as a second fit parameter. For the chain lengths measured, the asymptotic behavior
is not attained. ii) The model of Rouse motion in a tube, which we have criticized before on theoretical grounds, is shown to fail also on the purely phenomenological level. iii) Our evaluation of the full reptation model yields an excellent fit to the data for both total chains and internal pieces and for all wave vectors and all times, provided specific micro-structure effects of the MC dynamics are negligible. Such micro-structure effects show up for wave vectors of the order of the inverse segment size and enforce the introduction of some phenomenological, wave-vector-dependent prefactor. For the dynamics of the total chain our data analysis based on the full reptation model shows the importance of tube length fluctuations. Universal (Rouse-type) internal relaxation, however, is unimportant. It can be observed only in the form of the diffusive motion of a short central subchain in the tube. Finally, we present a fit formula which in a large range of wave vectors and chain lengths reproduces the numerical results of our theory for the scattering from the total chain.Received: 9 July 2003, Published online: 11 November 2003PACS:
83.10.Kn Reptation and tube theories - 82.35.Lr Physical properties of polymers - 83.10.Rs Computer simulation of molecular and particle dynamics 相似文献
54.
Paul Keys 《Applied Mathematical Modelling》1980,4(4):287-294
A solution method for the general optimal control problem is presented. This can be used to solve optimal control problems for which the system dynamics are not necessarily described by differential or difference equations. Having obtained the solution it is of theoretical and practical interest to investigate the sensitivity of the optimal trajectory to perturbations. Indicators of this sensitivity are the adjoint variables derived in the maximum principle. A method of deriving the adjoint variables from the solution is described. To illustrate the solution method and the determination of the adjoint variables a problem in the urban housing market is used. 相似文献
55.
56.
The properties of silver-silicon interfaces formed by cleaving n-type silicon in ultra high vacuum (UHV) in a stream of evaporating silver atoms were studied. The barrier heights of these contacts were measured at different temperatures by using C-V techniques. All measurements were performed in UHV. The dependence of the barrier height upon temperature did not follow the temperature dependence of the Si band gap as it is usually found. The measured temperature behavior depended on the roughness of the Si surface. The temperature behavior can be explained by assuming a specific band structure of the interface states. For Ag contacts on atomically smooth n-type Si, the interface states were found to be arranged in two bands, one band 4 × 10?3 eV wide with acceptor type states 0.18 eV below the intrinsic level Ei and a density of 1017 states/cm2 eV, and the other 1 eV wide with donor type states with its upper edge 0.28 eV below Ei, and a density of 4 × 1014 states/cm2eV. 相似文献
57.
58.
59.
A theory of generalized statical bases is developed for usein the flexibility methods as applied to skeletal structuralproblems. It is shown that any maximal linearly independentset of cycles of the integral cycle group of a linear graphmodel of the structure may be used in the formation of a staticalbasis. Such a set of simple cycles is found by embedding thisgraph into a two-dimensional polyhedron. Cell complexes areformed so that the simple cycles bounding the 2-cells correspondto substructures on which a statical basis may be constructed.Two methods are given for the construction of the embeddings.In one a collapsible complex is formed from a union of a setof disks; while in the other the embedding is into an orientablemanifold which is modified to form an admissible complex. 相似文献
60.
额尔齐斯河(新疆段)水质评价 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
对额尔齐斯河1993~1999年的水质污染数据用因子分析的方法进行分析,得到评价额尔齐斯河水质污染的有机污染因子,综合污染因子和金属污染因子,并以此对额尔齐斯河水质污染情况作出较客观的评价。 相似文献