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101.
The problem of a particle impacting on a wall, a common phenomenon in particle-laden flows in the minerals and process industries, is investigated computationally using a spectral-element method with the grid adjusting to the movement of the particle towards the wall. Remeshing is required at regular intervals to avoid problems associated with mesh distortion and the constantly reducing maximum time-step associated with integration of the non-linear convective terms of the Navier–Stokes equations. Accurate interpolation between meshes is achieved using the same high-order interpolation employed by the spectral-element flow solver. This approach allows the full flow evolution to be followed from the initial approach, through impact and afterwards as the flow relaxes. The method is applied to the generic two-dimensional and three-dimensional bluff body geometries, the circular cylinder and the sphere. The principal case reported here is that of a particle colliding normally with a wall and sticking. For the circular cylinder, non-normal collisions are also considered. The impacts are studied for moderate Reynolds numbers up to approximately 1200. A cylindrical body impacting on a wall produces two vortices from its wake that convect away from the cylinder along the wall before stalling while lifting induced wall vorticity into the main flow. The situation for a sphere impact is similar, except in this case a vortex ring is formed from the wake vorticity. Again, secondary vorticity from the wall and particle plays a role. At higher Reynolds number, the secondary vorticity tends to form a semi-annular structure encircling the primary vortex core. At even higher Reynolds numbers, the secondary annular structure fragments into semi-discrete structures, which again encircle and orbit the primary core. Vorticity fields and passive tracer particles are used to characterize the interaction of the vortical structures. The evolution of the pressure and viscous drag coefficients during a collision are provided for a typical sphere impact. For a Reynolds number greater than approximately 1000 for a sphere and 400 for a cylinder, the primary vortex core produced by the impacting body undergoes a short-wavelength instability in the azimuthal/spanwise direction. Experimental visualisation using dye carried out in water is presented to validate the predictions. 相似文献
102.
Kerry Lee Lawrence Pinsky Vic Andersen Cary Zeitlin Tim Cleghorn Frank Cucinotta Premkumar Saganti William Atwell Ron Turner 《Radiation measurements》2006,41(9-10):1123-1125
The helium energy spectrum in Martian orbit has been observed by the MARIE charged particle spectrometer aboard the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft. The orbital data were taken from March 13, 2002 to October 28, 2003, at which time a very intense Solar Particle Event caused a loss of communication between the instrument and the spacecraft. The silicon detector stack in MARIE is optimized for the detection of protons and helium in the energy range below , which typically includes almost all of the flux during SPEs. This also makes MARIE an efficient detector for GCR helium in the energy range of 50–. We will present the first fully normalized flux results from MARIE, using helium ions in this energy range. 相似文献
103.
William H. McCuskey Stephen P. Loehr Gerald C. Smidebush Kerry M. Link 《Magnetic resonance imaging》1993,11(8):1223-1226
Mycotic pseudoaneurysms of the ascending aorta are rare cardiovascular lesions that carry the risk of potentially disastrous complications such as aortic rupture or widespread sepsis. Regardless of its location in the arterial system, this lesion carries a high mortality rate. Early diagnosis of mycotic pseudoaneurysm is paramount for optimizing the chances of surgical therapy. While imaging strategies of this lesion have included aortography, echocardiography, and computed tomography, the information gained from each of these individual studies may be acquired in a single MR imaging session. MRI offers the fundamental advantages of noninvasiveness, nonionization, and multiplanar imaging capabilities. Additionally, MRI provides excellent soft tissue contrast, a wide field of view, qualitative and quantitative flow analysis, and an independence of operator expertise or patient body habitus. 相似文献
104.
M. Wilkinson B. Mehlig 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》1998,1(4):397-398
We discuss the absorption of electromagnetic radiation in small conducting particles, in the case where the electron motion
is diffusive. We refine an earlier theory in which we calculated the absorption coefficient using an effective potential describing
the screened electric field. Our new theory incorporates the effects of non-locality in the electrical conductivity, and shows
how the two limiting behaviours of the effective potential at high and low frequencies can be derived from a unified theory.
Our results are in full agreement with our earlier calculation.
Received: 3 November 1997 / Accepted: 29 January 1998 相似文献
105.
106.
Journal of the Operational Research Society - 相似文献
107.
108.
The reduction of ReCl4(THF)2 in the presence of excess t-butylisocyanide by sodium amalgam produces pentakis(t-butylisocyanide)chlororhenium(I), which has been converted to the corresponding methyl and ethyl derivatives. The reaction of pentakis(trimethylphosphine)chlororhenium(I) with ButNC gives partially substituted complexes, ReCl(CNBut)2(PMe3)3 and ReCl(CNBut)3(PMe3)2. The structures of both compounds have been determined by X-ray methods. Octahedral ReCl(CNBut)2(PMe3)3 has trans isocyanide groups with one linear [C---N---C = 175(1)°] and one slightly bent [C---N---C = 159(1)°]. The Re---C bond lengths are equal within experimental error [2.004(7), 2.003(7)Å]. In the octahedral ReCl(CNBut)3(PMe3)2, for which the structure is not well defined, due to disorder, the unique isocyanide trans to chlorine is considerably bent at the nitrogen atom [C---
---C = 141(6)°] and appears to show the shortest Re---C bond length, 1.94(5) vs 2.02(5)Å for the other two isocyanides which are mutually trans. Protonation of these two isocyanide complexes with fluoroboric acid gives, respectively, the salts [ReCl(CNBut)CNHBut(PMe3)3]BF4 and [ReCl(CNBut)2CNHBut(PMe3)2]BF4, whose configurations have been determined by NMR spectroscopy. The reduction by sodium amalgam of Cr2(CO2Me)4 in tetrahydrofuran in presence of ButNC gives a high yield of Cr(CNBut)6 while similar reduction of the dimeric tungsten(II) complex of the anion (mhp) of 2-methyl-6- hydroxypyridine gives W(CNBut)6. Interaction of W2(mhp)4 in methanol-ether with ButNC gives a tungsten(I) complex W2(η-mhp)2(ButNC)4, which may be an intermediate in the reductive cleavage reaction. Interaction of cis-PtMe2(PMe3)2 with ButNC leads only to replacement of one PMe3 group to give the complex cis-PtMe2(PMe3)(CNBut). 相似文献
109.
110.
Sublette Kerry L. Plato Amy Woolsey Marion Yates R. G. Camp Carl Bair Tom 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》1996,57(1):1013-1019
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology - Preliminary experiments have shown thatT. denitrificans strain F can be immobilized in DuPont BIO-SEP beads and used to treat refinery spent sulfidic... 相似文献