Students’ emergent articulations of uncertainty while making informal statistical inferences

Research on informal statistical inference has so far paid little attention to the development of students?? expressions of uncertainty in reasoning from samples. This paper studies students?? articulations of uncertainty when engaged in informal inferential reasoning. Using data from a design experiment in Israeli Grade 5 (aged 10?C11) inquiry-based classrooms, we focus on two groups of students working with TinkerPlots on investigations with growing sample size. From our analysis, it appears that this design, especially prediction tasks, helped in promoting the students?? probabilistic language. Initially, the students oscillated between certainty-only (deterministic) and uncertainty-only (relativistic) statements. As they engaged further in their inquiries, they came to talk in more sophisticated ways with increasing awareness of what is at stake, using what can be seen as buds of probabilistic language. Attending to students?? emerging articulations of uncertainty in making judgments about patterns and trends in data may provide an opportunity to develop more sophisticated understandings of statistical inference.     

基于遗传算法的二维随机型稀疏阵列的优化研究

为了解决二维相控阵列及与之匹配的三维超声成像系统过于复杂的问题,提出了一种基于遗传算法的随机型稀疏阵列的优化设计方法。在这种方法中,首先根据横向分辨率的要求确定参考阵列的尺寸及加权分布,然后根据对比分辨率的要求确定稀疏阵列相对于参考阵列的稀疏率,最后利用遗传算法优化确定阵元的分布形式。通过连续波理论和基于空间冲激响应的脉冲场模型对这种稀疏阵列的声学特性进行了分析,分析结果表明,优化设计的随机型稀疏阵列具有良好的特性,它与参考阵列有几乎相等的主瓣宽度,而且不产生栅瓣,虽然其旁瓣高度与参考阵列相比略有提升,但经遗传算法优化后仍能满足高质量成像的要求。     

风速不确定性对风力机气动力影响量化研究

风力机气动力学一直是国内外研究的热点课题之一.目前相关研究大都是基于确定性工况条件,但因风力机常年工作在自然来流复杂环境,风速随机波动致使风电系统呈现不确定性,对电网稳定性带来巨大挑战,因此进行不确定风速条件下风力机气动力学研究具有重要意义.为揭示不确定性对风力机流场影响机理并明确其对气动力的影响程度,本文提出一种风力机不确定空气动力学分析方法,基于修正叶素动量理论和非嵌入式概率配置点法,建立水平轴风力机不确定性空气动力学响应模型;以NREL Phase VI S809风力机叶轮为研究对象,基于该模型提取风力机输出随机响应信息,量化不确定风速对风力机风轮功率、推力、叶片挥舞弯矩和摆振弯矩的影响程度;通过分析流动诱导因子不确定性在叶片展长方向上的分布规律,揭示不确定因素在风力机本体上的传播机制,为风电系统设计及应用提供理论依据和重要参考.结果表明,风速波动对风力机功率和气动力影响显著,高斯风速标准差由0.05倍增大至0.15倍均值,功率和推力最大波动幅度分别由13.44%和8.00%增大至35.11%和22.02%,叶片挥舞弯矩和摆振弯矩最大波动幅度分别由7.20%和12.84%增大至1...     

Communication Efficient Algorithms for Bounding and Approximating the Empirical Entropy in Distributed Systems

The empirical entropy is a key statistical measure of data frequency vectors, enabling one to estimate how diverse the data are. From the computational point of view, it is important to quickly compute, approximate, or bound the entropy. In a distributed system, the representative (“global”) frequency vector is the average of the “local” frequency vectors, each residing in a distinct node. Typically, the trivial solution of aggregating the local vectors and computing their average incurs a huge communication overhead. Hence, the challenge is to approximate, or bound, the entropy of the global vector, while reducing communication overhead. In this paper, we develop algorithms which achieve this goal.     

广义Pell方程及其应用

本文给出了广义Ｐｅｌｌ方程的一切有理数解公式，应用它得到了一类Ｌｅｇｅｎｄｒｅ方程的一切整数解公式．     

μSR studies in the heavy fermion systems UNi2Al3, UPd2Al3 and U2PtC2

We have performed Muon Spin Relaxation (SR) measurements of several heavy fermion systems: UNi₂Al₃ (single crystal), UPd₂Al₃ (single crystal) and U₂PtC₂ (polycrystal). ZF -SR measurements of UNi₂Al₃ show magnetic order below the Néel temperatureT _N=4.6K, with the muon precession frequency(T 0)=2.5MHz at low temperatures. The local field distribution obtained at low temperatures in UNi₂Al₃ resembles that of the incommensurate spin density wave (SDW) system (TMTSF)₂PF₆, suggesting an incommensurate spin arrangement in UNi₂Al₃. TF -SR measurements give the penetration depth(T 0)=6100Å for UPd₂Al₃ and(T 0)=7000Å for U₂PtC₂ respectively. Since UPd₂Al₃ and U₂PtC₂ are clean superconductors (/l-0), we can combine n _s/m^* with the Sommerfeld constant n _s ^1/3 m^* to calculate the Fermi temperatureT _F ^3/4–1/4, which represents the characteristic energy scale of the superconducting carriers. We obtainT _C/T_F 0.01 for both UPd₂Al₃ and U₂PtC₂, comparable to other exotic superconductors, but quite different from simple metal BCS superconductors, whereT _C/T_F 0.01.     

Aragonite Formation in the Chiton (Mollusca) Girdle

In the chitons (Polyplacophora, Mollusca), the body is not entirely protected by the shell. Mineralized spicules or scales often, but not always, decorate the exposed part of the girdle. Here, we report a study on the composition and ultrastructural organization of these mineralized skeletal parts in four different chiton species. In all specimens, the mineral component (97–98 wt‐%) is aragonite, and the organic matrix (2–3 wt‐%) consists of highly glycosylated proteins. X‐Ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy show that the organic matrix fibers are aligned, morphologically and crystallographically, with the prismatic aragonite crystals. Matrix and mineral are thus clearly related. The matrix–mineral composite bundles are, however, assembled in the various skeletal parts examined with widely different degrees of alignment and order. In the same organism, the crystals are aligned within a range of ±15° in one type of spicule, while they are randomly oriented in another type. The wide heterogeneity in shape, density, and ultrastructure suggests that the girdle mineralized tissues do not fulfill a fundamental role necessary for the survival of the organism. This, together with the lack of chitin in the organic matrix, supports the hypothesis that they evolved separately from the other chiton mineralized tissues, namely the shell plates and teeth.     

表面肌电采集与在线识别系统

设计了一套简易且分辨率高的表面肌电采集与在线识别系统。系统硬件部分包括信号两级放大、带通滤波、精密整流、16位AD转换芯片ADS1120、AVR单片机等部分;软件部分基于JAVA编程,具有实时滤波、显示并存储肌电信号、在线识别手部动作等功能。系统放大增益倍数为100～2500可调,根据不同被试同一动作的肌电信息,微调放大倍数以减少个体差异;当放大倍数为1000倍时,识别精度达0.3 uV。此外还设计了训练范式,根据被试的训练数据提取在线识别算法的参数,以提高识别准确率。实验结果表明：该系统具有较好的稳定性,能够准确识别四类手部动作,平均识别率达84.37%。