Structural, electrical and optical characterization of InGaN layers grown by MOVPE

We present a study on n-type ternary InGaN layers grown by atmospheric pressure metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy(MOVPE) on GaN template/(0001) sapphire substrate.An investigation of the different growth conditions on n-type InxGa1 xN(x = 0.06 0.135) alloys was done for a series of five samples.The structural,electrical and optical properties were characterized by high resolution x-ray diffraction(HRXRD),Hall effect and photoluminescence(PL).Experimental results showed that different growth conditions,namely substrate rotation(SR) and change of total H2 flow(THF),strongly affect the properties of InGaN layers.This case can be clearly observed from the analytical results.When the SR speed decreased,the HRXRD scan peak of the samples shifted along a higher angle.Therefore,increasing the SR speed changed important structural properties of InGaN alloys such as peak broadening,values of strain,lattice parameters and defects including tilt,twist and dislocation density.From PL results it is observed that the growth conditions can be changed to control the emission wavelength and it is possible to shift the emission wavelength towards the green.Hall effect measurement has shown that the resistivity of the samples changes dramatically when THF changes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Rosmarinic Acid and Protocatechuic Acid at Poly(o‐Phenylenediamine)/Pt Nanoparticles Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

A system of Pt nanoparticles and poly(ortho‐phenylenediamine) film electrochemically deposited onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE/PoPD/Pt) was fabricated. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy techniques were used to identify the surface characteristics of the composite electrode. The conductive polymers and Pt nanoparticles together resulted in a synergistic effect, and the new formed surface was highly active against polyphenolic structures. Rosmarinic acid (RA) and protocatechuic acid (PCA) are phenolic compounds found in plants, and they are used in many applications, particularly as pharmaceuticals. The GCE/PoPD/Pt was used for the simultaneous determination of RA and PCA in a pH 2.0 H₂SO₄ solution for the first time. The RA and PCA concentrations were determined using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and chronoamperometry. By the amperometry measurement, for RA and PCA, a linear relation was observed in the concentration ranges of 1–55 μmol L^?1 and 1–60 μmol L^?1, with detection limits of 0.5 μmol L^?1 and 0.6 μmol L^?1, respectively. In the simultaneous determination with DPV, the detection limits for both RA and PCA were calculated as 0.7 μmol L^?1. The GCE/PoPD/Pt was successfully used for the simultaneous determination of RA and PCA in a real sample, and its accuracy was verified by high‐performance liquid chromatography studies.     

Comparison of the Effects of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus ficuum on the Removal of Impurities in Feldspar by Bio-beneficiation

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology - Depending on its purity, feldspar has a wide application in industry. Fungi play an important role in the feldspar purification. A bacterial leaching study...     

Ab Initio Study on Hypothetical Silver Nitride

We perform the ab initio calculations based on norm-conserving pseudopotentials and density functional theory to investigate the structural, elastic, and thermodynamical properties for silver nitride （AgN） compound that is a member of the 4d transition metal group and has not been synthesized yet. The obtained results are compared with the other available theoretical data, and the agreement is, generally, quite good. We also present the pressure-dependent behaviour of some mechanical and thermodynamical properties for the same compounds.     

Defect‐induced ferrimagnetism in the half‐metallic Co2CrAl and Co2CrSi compounds

Co₂CrAl and Co₂CrSi are amongst the most studied Heusler alloys due to their half‐metallic character. These compounds are also well‐known to present ferromagnetism with high Curie temperatures. We show using first‐principles calculations that the creation of Cr antisites (Cr atoms at the Co sites) induces ferrimagnetism in these compounds without destroying the half‐metallic character of these alloys. The reduction of the total spin moment causes lower external fields and thus smaller energy losses in realistic magnetoelectronic, also known as spintronic, devices. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Solid-state Electrochemical Sensor Based on a Cross-linked Copper(II)-doped Copolymer and Carbon Nanotube Material for Selective and Sensitive Detection of Monohydrogen Phosphate

A novel solid-state electrochemical sensor based on a newly synthesized cross-linked copper(II) doped-copolymer and carbon nanotube material was developed for the direct determination of monohydrogen phosphate ions (HPO₄²⁻). The synthesized copolymers were characterized by FTIR, XPS, TG/DTG-DTA and SEM techniques. The sensor had a Nernstian slope:-30.7±0.4 mV/decade, linear concentrations range: 1.0×10⁻⁶ - 1.0×10⁻¹ M, detection limit: 6.5×10⁻⁷ M, response time: 4 s and life time: 17 weeks. The sensor displayed constant potentials in the pH range 7.0-9.5. The sensor was successfully used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration and the direct determination of HPO₄ ²⁻ in water samples.     

Experimental investigation of impinging jet arrays

We report on measurements of the velocity field and turbulence fluctuations in a hexagonal array of circular jets, impinging normally on a plane wall, using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Results for mean velocity and turbulent stresses are presented in various horizontal and vertical planes. From the measurements, we have identified some major features of impinging jet arrays and we discuss their mutual interaction, collision on the plate, and consequent backwash, which generate recirculating motion between the jets. The length of the jet core, the production of turbulence kinetic energy, and the model of the exhaust mechanisms for spent fluid are also discussed. The measurements indicated that the interaction between the self-induced cross flow and the wall jets resulted in the formation of a system of horseshoe-type vortices that circumscribe the outer jets of the array. The instantaneous snapshots of the velocity field reveal some interesting features of the flow dynamics, indicating a breakdown of some of the jets before reaching the plate, which may have consequences on the distribution of the instantaneous heat transfer.List of symbols D_m Nozzle diameter in multiple jet array nozzle plate (m) - D_s Pipe diameter in single jet rig (m) - H Distance between nozzle and impingement plate (m) - k Turbulent kinetic energy (m²/s²) - L Pipe length (m) - P_k Production of turbulent kinetic energy (m²/s³) - P_uu , P_vv Normal components of P_k (m²/s³) - P_uv Shear component of P_k (m²/s³) - s Pitch (m) - U_bulk Surface-averaged exit velocity (single jet) (m/s) - U_CL Center line jet exit velocity (jet array), m/s - u, v Mean velocity components in x and y directions (m/s) - u, v, w Instantaneous velocity in x, y, and z directions (m/s) - u, v, w Velocity fluctuation in x, y, and z directions (m/s) - u², v², w² Reynolds normal stress components (m²/s²) - uv Reynolds shear stress component (m²/s²) - x, z Coordinates parallel to impingement plate (m) - y Coordinate perpendicular to impingement plate (m)     

A new method for the synthesis of bicyclic pyran acetals

cis‐Fused bicyclic acetals were obtained from the unusual cyclization reaction between diols and dihydropyran. Furothiopyran, substituted pyranopyrans, and pyranooxepine and pyranobenzoxepine compounds were obtained with high diastereoselectivity and cis‐diastereomers were obtained in high yields.     

KALMAN-FILTER-BASED OBSERVER DESIGN AROUND OPTIMAL CONTROL POLICY FOR GAS PIPELINES

Seeking the optimal operating policy by an off-line controller for pipelines carrying natural gas has an inherent state estimation problem associated with deviations from demand forecast. This paper presents a Kalman-filter-based observer for the real-time estimation of deviations from the states previously obtained by an off-line controller optimally, around an expected demand function. The observer is based on the linearized form of the non-linear partial differential equations which are the state space representation of isothermal and unidirectional gas flow through a pipeline. Data for the observer are produced by a dynamic simulator. The simulator and linearized observer equations are solved using an implicit finite element method. The observer has been tested on a pipeline subject to certain deviations from demand forecast. It converge s in a short span of time. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nonswellable and swellable ethylene glycol dimethacrylate-acrylic acid copolymer microspheres

In this study, nonswellable and swellable poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate/acrylic acid) copolymer microspheres, in the size range of 50–150 μm, were produced by conventional and modified suspension copolymerizations of the respective monomers, i.e., ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and acrylic acid (AA) in aqueous media. Poly(vinyl alcohol) and benzoyl peroxide were used as the stabilizer and the initiator. The diluent, i.e., toluene was included in the polymerization recipe of the modified suspension polymerization. The microspheres were characterized by optical microscopy, FTIR, and FTIR-DRS, and potentiometric titrations. Highly crosslinked, transparent, and nonswellable poly(EGDMA/AA) microspheres were obtained with the conventional suspension polymerization procedure. The modified suspension polymerization provided swellable, opaque, and crosslinked copolymer microspheres. Acrylic acid incorporation into the copolymeric microspheres were significantly higher in the modified procedure, relative to the conventional procedure. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.