Opacity effect on extreme ultraviolet radiation from laser-produced tin plasmas

Opacity effects on extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission from laser-produced tin (Sn) plasma have been experimentally investigated. An absorption spectrum of a uniform Sn plasma generated by thermal x rays has been measured in the EUV range (9-19 nm wavelength) for the first time. Experimental results indicate that control of the optical depth of the laser-produced Sn plasma is essential for obtaining high conversion to 13.5 nm-wavelength EUV radiation; 1.8% of the conversion efficiency was attained with the use of 2.2 ns laser pulses.     

Effect of savitzky—golay smoothing on second-derivative spectra

The rounding error arising from analog/digital conversion (12-bit) of a spectrum introduces small shoulders on the zero-order spectrum, which are enhanced in the second-derivative spectrum. To reduce this noise, Savitzky-Golay smoothing of the zero-order spectrum was examined by simulation. This smoothing procedure brings the second-derivative spectrum closer to the true spectrum. The effects of smoothing on the ultraviolet spectrum of salicylic acid in ethanolic solution are reported.     

Formal model of internal measurement: Alternate changing between recursive definition and domain equation

We sketch a paradox generally resulting from recursivity, and propose a novel model to express evolutionary processes that requires identification of an interaction with internal measurement. In this model, a paradox is not resolved and the notion of relativity of any resolution is implicit. In a dynamical system a certain transition rule is used recursively along time. If one takes the foundation (or context) of recursivity into consideration, one obtains a fixed point or one confronts a paradox. In order to resolve this paradox, we adopt Scott's technical way to identify the form of a fixed point with a domain equation and to obtain a reflective domain, however we simultaneously show that any resolution is destined to be relative. In utilizing this notion, we construct a model of dynamical process by embedding a measurement process in one time step. Any time transition involves the process of doubting the foundation of a transition rule leading to a fixed point. Solving it and obtaining a reflexive domain is used as a new transition rule. Also, this process perpetually proceeds along time, and then the system perpetually proceeds while any solution is destined to be relative. We illustrate this type of model by using a dynamically changing contraction mapping as the interface of state and transition rule. Finally, we show that one can formalize emergent properties by using this model and discuss the relationship between endo-physics and internal measurement.     

Isochroman-3-ones via site-selective ring opening of benzocyclobutenones promoted by lithium tetramethylpiperidide and reaction with aromatic aldehydes

In the presence of Li-TMP and an aromatic aldehyde, benzocyclobutenone undergoes an unusual heterolytic C(1)---C(4) bond fission, and subsequent reaction with the aldehyde gives, after acidic workup, isochroman-3-one in high yield.     

Calcium phosphate-vanadate apatite (CPVAP)-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of propargylic alcohols with molecular oxygen

Calcium phosphate-vanadate apatite (CPVAP) works effectively as a catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of propargylic alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds under an atmospheric pressure of molecular oxygen. Moreover, CPVAP can be readily separated by filtration and reused at least 10 times without appreciable loss of the catalytic activity.     

Enantio- and diastereomerically pure threo-homoallylic alcohols via highly stereoselective reduction of α-methyl-β,γ-unsaturated ketones

Reduction of α-methyl-β,γ-unsaturated ketones with L-Selectride proceeded with high $\text{threo}$-selectivity to afford $\text{threo}$-β-methyl homoallylic alcohols of high enantio- and diastereomerical purities.