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Experiments have been conducted to investigate an effect of inlet restriction on the thermal-hydraulic stability. A Test
facility used in this study was designed and constructed to have non-dimensional values that are nearly equal to those of
natural circulation BWR. Experimental results showed that driving force of the natural circulation at the stability boundary
was described as a function of heat flux and inlet subcooling independent of inlet restriction. In order to extend experimental
database regarding thermal-hydraulic stability to different inlet restriction, numerical analysis was carried out based on
the homogeneous flow model. Stability maps in reference to the core inlet subcooling and heat flux were presented for various
inlet restrictions using the above-mentioned function. Instability region during the inlet subcooling shifted to the higher
inlet subcooling with increasing inlet restriction and became larger with increasing heat flux.
Received on 17 January 2000 相似文献
76.
Minghui Song Kazutaka Mitsuishi Kazuo Furuya 《Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures》2005,29(3-4):575
Nanometer-sized W-dendrites are fabricated on Al2O3 substrates with an electron-beam-induced deposition process. Dependence of growth of nanodendrite on surface topography is investigated with transmission electron microscopy. It is confirmed that the nanodendrite grows on convex surfaces but not around a hole on a substrate. These are attributed to different distribution of charges on surfaces with different topographies during electron beam irradiation when charges are produced on the surface due to emission of second electrons. The charges accumulate on convex surface and do not distribute around a hole. Therefore, the nanodendrite grows on the former and not on the latter. 相似文献
77.
Megumi Kubo Takashi Kikukawa Seiji Miyauchi Akiteru Seki Masakatsu Kamiya Tomoyasu Aizawa Keiichi Kawano Naoki Kamo Makoto Demura 《Photochemistry and photobiology》2009,85(2):547-555
Halorhodopsin (HR) acts as a light‐driven chloride pump which transports a chloride ion from the extracellular (EC) to the cytoplasmic space during a photocycle reaction that includes some photointermediates initiated by illumination. To understand the chloride uptake mechanisms, we focused on a basic residue Arg123 of HR from Natronomonas pharaonis (NpHR), which is the only basic residue located in the EC half ion channel. By the measurements of the visible absorption spectra in the dark and the light‐induced inward current through the membrane, it was shown that the chloride binding and transport ability of NpHR completely disappeared by the change of arginine to glutamine. From flashphotolysis analysis, the photocycle of R123Q differed from that of wildtype NpHR completely. The response of the R123H mutant depended on pH. These facts imply that the positive charge at position 123 is essential for chloride binding in the ground state and for the chloride uptake under illumination. On the basis of the molecular structures of HR and the anion‐transportable mutants of bacteriorhodopsin, the effects of the positive charge and the conformational change of the Arg123 side chain as well as the chloride‐pumping mechanism are discussed. 相似文献
78.
Yoshihiro Takebayashi Hiroyuki Hotta Atsushi Shono Katsuto Otake Kiwamu Sue Satoshi Yoda Takeshi Furuya 《Journal of solution chemistry》2009,38(5):545-555
Acid-base equilibria between 2,5-dichlorophenol (DCP) and various bases (LiOH, NaOH, and KOH) were studied in ambient to supercritical
methanol, by measuring the absorption spectrum of DCP at alkali metal hydroxide molalities ranging up to 10 mmol⋅kg−1, at temperatures up to 250 °C and a pressure of 25.0 MPa. The spectrum was deconvoluted into contributions for the acidic
(HA) and basic (A−) forms of DCP, taking into account a blue shift of the phenolate (A−) spectrum due to the effect of ion pairing with an alkali metal cation. Degrees of dissociation of DCP determined from the
spectra suggested that the dissociation constant of DCP has a maximum around 150 °C, whereas that of KOH decreases with temperature.
The phenolate-alkali metal ion pairing was examined from the peak shift of the phenolate spectrum in the presence of Li+, Na+, and K+. A smaller cation radius and higher temperature (thus a lower dielectric constant for methanol) give rise to stronger electrostatic
interaction in the ion pair. The basicities of the alkali metal hydroxides in supercritical methanol were compared using DCP
as an indicator, and were shown to follow the order LiOH < NaOH ≤ KOH. This order is the same as that for the catalytic effect
of alkali metal hydroxides on the methylation of phenol in supercritical methanol (Takebayashi et al.: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
47:704–709, 2008).
Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article () contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
79.
Development of sulfide glass-ceramic electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium rechargeable batteries
Akitoshi Hayashi Keiichi Minami Masahiro Tatsumisago 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》2010,14(10):1761-1767
Development of Li2S–P2S5-based glass-ceramic electrolytes is reviewed. Superionic crystals of Li7P3S11 and Li3.25P0.95S4 were precipitated from the Li2S–P2S5 glasses at the selected compositions. These high temperature or metastable phases enhanced conductivity of glass ceramics
up to over 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature. The original (or mother) glass electrolytes itself showed somewhat lower conductivity of 10−4 S cm−1 and have important role as a precursor for obtaining the superionic crystals, which were not synthesized by a conventional
solid-state reaction. The substitution of P2O5 for P2S5 at the composition 70Li2S·30P2S5 (mol%) improved both conductivity and electrochemical stability of glass-ceramic electrolytes. The all-solid-state In/LiCoO2 cell using the 70Li2S·27P2S5·3P2O5 (mol%) glass-ceramic electrolyte showed initial capacity of 105 mAh g−1 (gram of LiCoO2) at the current density of 0.13 mA cm−2 and exhibited higher electrochemical performance than that using the 70Li2S·30P2S5 glass-ceramic electrolyte. 相似文献
80.