Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed orthogonal synthesis of 2-hydroxybenzoates and substituted cyclohexanones from acyclic unsaturated 1,3-carbonyl compounds

A Pd-catalyzed orthogonal synthesis of substituted 2-hydroxybenzoates and substituted cyclohexanones was developed for the first time. The substituted 2-hydroxybenzoates were obtained from acyclic unsaturated 1,3-carbonyl compounds using a combination of catalytic Pd(OAc)₂ and Cu(OAc)₂. On the other hand, the substituted cyclohexanones were produced from similar substrates via catalytic Pd(OAc)₂ and hydrogen chloride. Each transformation was clean, easy to work up, provided the desired compounds in good purities, and did not require column chromatography purification.     

Decarboxylative Fluorination of 2-Pyridylacetates

Syntheses of substituted pyridines and fluorinated compounds, which are often pharmaceutical targets, are important objectives in organic chemistry. Herein, we found that decarboxylative fluorination of lithium 2-pyridylacetates occur under catalyst-free conditions. The phenomenon can be applied to one-pot transformation of substituted methyl 2-pyridylacetate to 2-(fluoroalkyl)pyridine by decarboxylative fluorination of the intermediate lithium 2-pyridylacetate. This method was also applied to the syntheses of 2-(difluoroalkyl)pyridines.     

Hydrogen-Release Reaction of a Complex Transition Metal Hydride with Covalently Bound Hydrogen and Hydride Ions

The hydrogen-release reaction of a complex transition metal hydride, LaMg₂NiH₇, composed of La³⁺, 2×Mg²⁺, [NiH₄]⁴⁻ and 3×H⁻, was studied by thermal analyses, powder X-ray, and neutron diffraction and inelastic neutron scattering. Upon heating, LaMg₂NiH₇ released hydrogen at approximately 567 K and decomposed into LaH₂₋₃ and Mg₂Ni. Before the reaction, covalently bound hydrogen (H^c°^v.) in [NiH₄]⁴⁻ exhibited a larger atomic displacement than H⁻, although a weakening of the chemical bonds around [NiH₄]⁴⁻ and H⁻ was observed. These results indicate the precursor phenomenon of a hydrogen-release reaction, wherein there is a large atomic displacement of H^c°^v. that induces the hydrogen-release reaction rather than H⁻. As an isothermal reaction, LaMg₂NiH₇ formed LaMg₂NiH_2.4 at 503 K in vacuum for 48 h, and LaMg₂NiH_2.4 reacted with hydrogen to reform LaMg₂NiH₇ at 473 K under 1 MPa of H₂ gas pressure for 10 h. These results revealed that LaMg₂NiH₇ exhibited partially reversible hydrogen-release and uptake reactions.     

π-Extended Pleiadienes by [5+2] Annulation of 1-Boraphenalenes and ortho-Dihaloarenes

Palladium-catalyzed [5+2] annulation of 1-boraphenalenes with ortho-dihaloarenes afforded negatively curved π-extended pleiadienes. Two benzo[1,2-i:4,5-i’]dipleiadienes (BDPs) featuring a seven-six-seven-membered ring arrangement were synthesized and investigated. Their crystal structure revealed a unique packing arrangement and theoretical calculations were employed to shed light onto the dynamic behavior of the BDP moiety and its aromaticity. Further, a naphthalene-fused pleiadiene was stitched together by oxidative cyclodehydrogenation to yield an additional five-membered ring. This formal azulene moiety led to distinct changes in optical and redox properties and increased perturbation of the aromatic system.     

Spin–Orbit Contributions in High‐Spin Nitrenes/Carbenes: A Hybrid CASSCF/MRMP2 Study of Zero‐Field Splitting Tensors

Zero‐field splitting (ZFS) tensors ( D tensors) of organic high‐spin oligonitrenes/oligocarbenes up to spin‐septet are quantitatively determined on the basis of quantum chemical calculations. The spin–orbit contributions, D ^SO tensors are calculated in terms of a hybrid CASSCF/MRMP2 approach, which was recently proposed by us. The spin–spin counterparts, D ^SS tensors are computed based on McWeeny–Mizuno’s equation in conjunction with the RODFT spin densities. The present calculations show that more than 10 % of ZFS arises from spin–orbit interactions in the high‐spin nitrenes under study. Contributions of spin‐bearing site–site interactions are estimated with the aid of a semi‐empirical model for the D tensors and found to be ca. 5 % of the D ^SO tensor. The analysis of intermediate states reveal that the largest contributions to the calculated D ^SO tensors are attributed to intra‐site spin flip excitations and delocalized π and π* orbitals play an important role in the inter‐site spin–orbit interactions.     

Coordination Behavior of a D‐Penicillaminato Aurate(I) Metalloligand Toward Coblat(III) Centers

Treatment of (NH₄)[Au(D‐Hpen‐S)₂](D‐H₂pen = D‐penicillamine) with CoCl₂·6H₂O in an acetate buffer solution, followed by air oxidation, gave neutral Au^ICo^III and anionic Au^I₃Co^III₂ polynuclear complexes, [Au₃Co₃(D‐pen‐N,O,S)₆]([ 1 ]) and [Au₃Co₂(D‐pen‐N,S)₆]^3? ([ 2 ]^3?), which were separated by anion‐exchange column chromatography. Complexes [ 1 ] and [ 2 ]^3? each formed a single isomer, and their structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. In [ 1 ], each of three [Au(D‐pen‐S)₂]^3?metalloligands coordinates to two Co^III ions in a bis‐tridentate‐N,O,S mode to form a cyclic Au^I₃Co^III₃ hexanuclear structure, in which three [Co(D‐pen‐N,O,S)₂]^? octahedral units and six bridging S atoms adopt trans(O) geometrical and R chiral configurations, respectively. In [ 2 ]^3?, each of three [Au(D‐pen‐S)₂]^3? metalloligands coordinates to two Co^III ions in a bis‐bidentate‐N,S mode to form a Au^I₃Co^III₂ pentanuclear structure, in which two [Co(D‐pen‐N,S)₃]^3? units and six bridging S atoms adopt ∧ and R chiral configurations, respectively.     

Rapid and efficient purification of positron emission tomography probes by hydrophilic interaction chromatography

A rapid and efficient preparative high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure was established to purify short-lived positron emission tomography radio-probes. This method is based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography utilizing a semi-preparative silica column (10 mm I.D.) and a high volatile organic mobile phase (>90% acetonitrile). In nine different radiopharmaceuticals studied, six compounds could be separated from the unlabeled precursor with good resolution and faster elution than its precursor. These characteristics enabled significant shortening of the separation and evaporation processes in the manufacture of short-lived radiopharmaceuticals. Several ¹¹C-radiopharmaceuticals could be prepared within one half-life of carbon-11 (20.4 min), including radiosynthesis, purification and formulation steps with sufficient radiochemical/chemical purity and high levels of radioactivity/specific radioactivity.     

High-Spin Nitrene Fine-Structure ESR Spectroscopy in Frozen Rigid Glasses: Exact Analytical Expressions for the Canonical Peaks and A D-Tensor Gradient Method for Line Broadening

In high-spin chemistry, random-orientation fine-structure electron paramagnetic resonance (FS ESR) spectroscopy holds the advantages of the most facile and convenient method to identify high-spin systems. The FS ESR spectroscopy for high spins in frozen rigid glasses has seemingly been well established since the first spin-quintet m-dicarbene and m-dinitrene appeared in 1967. The FS ESR spectra of organic quintet entities generated by photolysis in the 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF) glass, however, have never been fully analyzed due to a peculiar line broadening appearing at many canonical peaks. The line broadening has been a notorious obstacle that masks key FS transitions of many cases in organic glasses or argon matrices. We examine the origin of the line broadening, illustrating the comprehensive spectral analysis for m-dinitrenes and other types of typical quintet-state dinitrenes observed in the 2-MTHF glass. Our new approach to the line broadening analysis invokes both exact analytical solutions for the resonance fields of canonical peaks and a magnetic-parameter gradient method. We have derived the exact analytical expressions for FS canonical peaks for high-spin states, for the first time. A microscopic origin of the line broadening observed for high-spin nitrenes generated by photolysis in rigid glasses is proposed on the basis of quantum chemical calculations of the D-tensor.     

Blow-up analysis for Boltzmann–Poisson equation in Onsager's theory for point vortices with multi-intensities

In this paper we consider the minimizing sequence for some energy functional of an elliptic equation associated with the mean field limit of the point vortex distribution one-sided Borel probability measure. If such a sequence blows up, we derive some estimate which is related to the behavior of solution near the blow-up point. Moreover, we study the two-intensities case to consider the sufficient condition for this estimate. Our main results are new for the standard mean field equation as well.     

Rational Molecular Design and Synthesis of Highly Thermo‐ and Photostable Near‐Infrared‐Absorbing Heptamethine Cyanine Dyes with the Use of Fluorine Atoms

Highly thermo‐ and photostable, near‐infrared‐absorbing heptamethine cyanine dyes were achieved with the use of fluorine‐containing components. In particular, one prepared heptamethine cyanine dye, bearing a tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate as a counter anion and an N‐ethyl‐2,2,2‐trifluoroacetamido group at the meso position, showed not only a high decomposition temperature (T_dt), but also very high photostability toward white LED irradiation.