全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3044篇 |
免费 | 106篇 |
国内免费 | 7篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 2312篇 |
晶体学 | 47篇 |
力学 | 28篇 |
数学 | 156篇 |
物理学 | 614篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 18篇 |
2022年 | 25篇 |
2021年 | 36篇 |
2020年 | 66篇 |
2019年 | 47篇 |
2018年 | 47篇 |
2017年 | 32篇 |
2016年 | 77篇 |
2015年 | 60篇 |
2014年 | 99篇 |
2013年 | 142篇 |
2012年 | 202篇 |
2011年 | 261篇 |
2010年 | 127篇 |
2009年 | 119篇 |
2008年 | 216篇 |
2007年 | 209篇 |
2006年 | 218篇 |
2005年 | 198篇 |
2004年 | 169篇 |
2003年 | 140篇 |
2002年 | 140篇 |
2001年 | 49篇 |
2000年 | 39篇 |
1999年 | 21篇 |
1998年 | 34篇 |
1997年 | 30篇 |
1996年 | 34篇 |
1995年 | 21篇 |
1994年 | 21篇 |
1993年 | 18篇 |
1992年 | 24篇 |
1991年 | 10篇 |
1990年 | 13篇 |
1989年 | 11篇 |
1988年 | 9篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 17篇 |
1984年 | 17篇 |
1983年 | 19篇 |
1982年 | 19篇 |
1981年 | 9篇 |
1980年 | 18篇 |
1979年 | 11篇 |
1978年 | 8篇 |
1977年 | 8篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 8篇 |
1974年 | 6篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有3157条查询结果,搜索用时 46 毫秒
11.
A thin-layer two-phase microcell was fabricated without an adhesive, which showed no fluorescence and resisted acids. The lower hollow of the microcell was thin (0.18 mm), which was in the range of the working distance of the used objective of high magnification (60x) and high numerical aperture (1.2). A reflection method using probe light was newly employed for focusing the objective on a transparent dodecane/water interface strictly with an inverted microscope. The system was applied to in situ fluorescence microscopic measurements of the dynamics of single DNA molecules (165600 base pairs) at the dodecane/water interface. 相似文献
12.
Tatsuo Nakagawa Satoshi Fukura Munenori Nakai Kazumasa Sugiyama Ryohei Kokawa Hiroyuki Kagi 《Optical Review》2006,13(4):269-275
We constructed a scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) on a commercially available atomic force microscopy (AFM) apparatus
(SPM-9500J2; Shimadzu Corp.) to measure the stress distribution in ceramic composite materials. Features of our SNOM system
are: (1) a compact SNOM head substituted for the original AFM head; (2) a wide scanning range (125 × 125 μm2) inherited from the original scanner; (3) use of conventional shear-force regulation; (4) an optical system for the illumination-collection
(I-C) mode; (5) excitation by a 488 nm line of an Ar-ion laser, and (6) light detection by photon counting or a polychromator
equipped with an electronically cooled charge coupled device (CCD). This SNOM system was used to measure the surface structure
and stress distribution of an Al2O3/ZrO2 eutectic composite. We simultaneously measured topographic images and fluorescence spectra of an Al2O3/ZrO2 eutectic composite. We estimated its peak intensity, peak position, and peak width from the fluorescence spectrum during
scanning, which respectively correspond to the abundance of Al2O3, stress in the grain, and the anisotropy of that stress. Mapping images showed that the stress and its anisotropy were weaker
in the center of the Al2O3 grain than its boundary between Al2O3 and ZrO2. That observation suggests that Al2O3 underwent intense anisotropic stress induced by volume expansion in the phase transition of ZrO2 from the cubic phase to the monoclinic phase during preparation. 相似文献
13.
Trifluoromethylation onto the tetrafluorophthalonitrile and tetrafluoroisophthalonitrile has been carried out using CF3TMS-CuI-KF system, and it was demonstrated that these trifluoromethylation enabled us to successfully construct di- and/or tri-trifluoromethylated benzonitriles via the decyanotrifluoromethylation. 相似文献
14.
We present the spot size dependence of dielectric multilayer filters for use in dense WDM systems. We found large dependences of filter performances on the spot size and the incident angle of input light, which should be important for miniaturizing multi-channel add/drop filters. 相似文献
15.
16.
XPS measurement revealed that the original state of TiO2 was changed to Ti2O3 and TiO by ion bombardment. TiO2 decreased and Ti2O3 increased at the initial stage. TiO increased at a later stage than Ti2O3. Each of them saturated after enough sputtering time.A formulation was proposed in order to explain the change of XPS spectra for oxides as a function of ion sputtering time. This formulation was based on reaction equations that contain two reduction processes (from TiO2 to Ti2O3 and from Ti2O3 to TiO), and sputtering effects. Using four fitting parameters (two reduction coefficients, sputtering yield and information depth), the present formula was fitted to the experimental results. The fitting results agree satisfactorily with the experimental results. The calculation shows that the reduction coefficient from TiO2 to Ti2O3 is about ten times larger than that from Ti2O3 to TiO. This calculation predicts that surface composition of an oxide that is changed by ion bombardment will reach a different value depending on its bulk composition. Moreover, the present formulation can determine the chemical states of compounds changed by ion bombardment. 相似文献
17.
Naoki Miyamoto Shusuke Nisiyama Satoshi Tomioka Takeaki Enoto 《Optics Communications》2007,272(1):67-72
We utilize nitroanisole, that absorbs infrared (IR) radiation as heat, as an optical modulation device based on a thermal process. The nitroanisole exhibits a thermal lens effect, i.e. a temperature dependent refractive index. Hence, the nitroanisole can induce phase modulation to visible light, in direct response to intensity of the incident IR radiation. The proposed method can be used to obtain the phase modulation distribution that corresponds to the IR intensity distribution, i.e. the IR hologram itself, on the nitroanisole by examining the phase map of visible light that is modulated upon passing through the nitroanisole. The IR wavefront can be reconstructed by calculating extracted IR holograms through the Fresnel transform. It is verified that both the amplitude and the phase of the IR wavefront can be reconstructed accurately by proposed method. 相似文献
18.
Atsuko Kawata Tadashi Oishi Yoshitaka Fukada Yoshinori Shichida Tôru Yoshizawa 《Photochemistry and photobiology》1992,56(6):1157-1166
Types of photoreceptor cells in the retinas of 36 species of vertebrates (5 classes, 14 orders) were investigated immunocytochemically with monoclonal antibodies against chicken iodopsin (Io-mAb) and antiserum against bovine rhodopsin (Rh-As). In mammals, Rh-As labeled the outer segments of some photoreceptor cells in striped squirrels (a diurnal mammal) and those of most photoreceptor cells in mice (a nocturnal mammal), while Io-mAb labeled any photoreceptor cells in either of them. In all species of birds studied, Io-mAb labeled the principal and accessory members of double cones and single cones with a red oil droplet. Rh-As labeled single cones with a yellow or clear oil droplet in addition to rods. In turtles, both Rh-As and Io-mAb labeled single cones with a red or clear oil droplet and the principal (with a yellow oil droplet) and accessory members of double cones. This suggests that the visual pigments in these cones of turtles have common epitopes with bovine rhodopsin and chicken iodopsin. In Japanese grass lizards, single cones with a yellow oil droplet and double cones were immunoreactive to both Rh-As and Io-mAb. In snakes, rods and cones could not be distinguished but both positively and negatively stained cells were observed by the use of each antibody. In geckos, however, all photoreceptor cells were immunonegative to Io-mAb. In all species studied in amphibians, Rh-As labeled rods but not cones. Neither rods nor cones reacted with Io-mAb. In fishes, almost all species studied had well developed cones, and some of these cones were labeled by Rh-As. However, Io-mAb labeled the outer segments of some cones only in loaches. Rh-As labeled photoreceptor cells in all species of fishes studied. Thus, Rh-As recognized the outer segments of rods in all species studied from fishes to mammals, whereas the epitope recognized by Io-mAb is conserved in some species of fishes, most species of reptiles and all species of birds studied. 相似文献
19.
Bioavailability study of commercial sustained-release preparations of diclofenac sodium in gastrointestinal physiology regulated-dogs. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
K Sagara Y Nagamatsu I Yamada M Kawata H Mizuta K Ogawa 《Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin》1992,40(12):3303-3306
The gastrointestinal (GI) physiology of beagle dogs was regulated with a combined-treatment of intramuscular pentagastrin (10 micrograms/kg x 2) and intravenous atropine sulfate (0.02 mg/kg x 1). Here, the gastric acidity, the gastric emptying time and the small intestinal transit time in the regulated-dogs were respectively around pH 2, 0.7h and 4h, approximating those in healthy humans. The superiority of the regulated-dogs over the intact dogs was confirmed in comparative bioavailability studies by using two classes of commercial preparations. Both the conventional tablet and the sustained-release capsule of diclofenac sodium exhibited simple and similar average plasma concentration-time curves of free diclofenac in the intact dogs, while the latter preparation is reported to reveal a bimodal plasma curve of the drug in healthy humans. The regulated-dogs, however, permitted a bimodal average plasma pattern of the drug for the capsules due to an approximation of the GI physiology between humans and these classes of the dogs. The combined-treatment of beagle dogs with pentagastrin and atropine sulfate seems to supply a useful animal model in predicting the absorption characteristics of the sustained-release preparations and poor water-soluble drugs. 相似文献
20.
For the purpose of testing the spherical uniformity based on i.i.d. directional data (unit vectors) zi, i=1,…,n, Anderson and Stephens (Biometrika 59 (1972) 613–621) proposed testing procedures based on the statistics Smax=maxu S(u) and Smin=minu S(u), where u is a unit vector and nS(u) is the sum of squares of u′zi's. In this paper, we also consider another test statistic Srange=Smax−Smin. We provide formulas for the P-values of Smax, Smin, Srange by approximating tail probabilities of the limiting null distributions by means of the tube method, an integral-geometric approach for evaluating tail probability of the maximum of a Gaussian random field. Monte Carlo simulations for examining the accuracy of the approximation and for the power comparison of the statistics are given. 相似文献