Coherent elastic scattering of a reptating chain in a melt during transient relaxation

We calculate the elastic scattering of a long chain in a polymer melt during the process of relaxation after a sudden deformation, i.e., the return to equilibrium with time, while the deformed shape is maintained. The scattering thus depends on the duration t of the relaxation, as well as on the scattering vector, and is a physical quantity characteristic of the dynamics of long chains. The reptation model of de Gennes is used as developed for deformed melts by Doi and Edwards: the chain is confined by other chains in a tube, from which disengagement by the ends is the only way of renewing its configuration. The tube diameter is taken as a parameter. We give both an analytic form and numerical evaluations. On comparison with calculations based on the Rouse model, in which the chain is assumed to be free in a viscous medium, it is seen that the experimental data (given elsewhere) should enable one to distinguish between the two models.     

Statistics of Gaussian Speckles with Enhanced Fluctuations

Some first-order statistics of speckle fields obeying the complex Gaussian probability density are investigated with the special emphasis on a possibility for the speckle contrast to exceed unity. It is shown that such enhanced fluctuations of speckle fields are generated when the probability density of the complex amplitude is non-circular with the vanishing mean. This means that Gaussian speckles having the contrast of unity are not necessarily fully developed speckles. Some practical situations producing such enhanced fluctuations in speckle fields are discussed.     

Optimal control of a finite dam with a sample path constraint

In this paper, we discuss the 2-stage output procedure of a finite dam under the condition that water must be released by a fixed time. From this standpoint, the reservoir model we consider is subject to a sample path constraint and has a more general cost function than the earlier contributions. We analytically derive explicit formulas for the long-run average and the expected total discounted costs for an infinite time span and numerically calculate the optimal control policy. Finally, the optimal policy is compared with one by Zuckerman [1] and the effect of the fixed release time is discussed further.     

Development and commercialization of ionic-type photosensitive polyimides

Toray's ionic-type photosensitive polyimide, “Photoneece”, is widely used as an interdielectric and as a protection layer for microelectronics, because of its properties, such as the removal of photoreactive groups at low temperature, excellent thermal, mechanical and electrical film properties and excellent adhesion to various substrates. Toray has developed a new type of “Photoneece”, UR-5100, which is a low-stress photosensitive polyimide. In addition to a low thermal expansion coefficient (25 ppm/°C), “Photoneece” UR-5100 also features high resolution with an aspect ratio of more than 2.0 in 40 μm imaged film, and excellent mechanical properties in the cured film such as high elongation (>20%) and tensile strength (>200 MPa), even after 60 hr heat treatment at 350°C. “Photoneece” UR-5100 can be applied in multichip modules (MCMs), hybrid circuits, ICs and LSIs. In this paper the characterization and processing of this “Photoneece” UR-5100 are described.     

Determination of chromium(vi) in natural waters by the sorption of chromium-diphenylcarbazone with xad-2 resin

The sorption of the chromium(III)-diphenylcarbazone complex (Cr-DPC) with XAD-2 has been investigated, for use in the separation of Cr(VI) from Cr(III) species in natural waters. Cr-DPC is formed from the reaction of Cr(VI) with diphenylcarbazide, but Cr(III) species give no reaction in aqueous solution. The addition of sodium chloride or sodium beta-naphthalenesulphonate markedly enhances the sorption. The Cr-DPC sorbed on XAD-2 can be almost completely eluted with organic solvents, especially methanol, but about 5% of it is irreversibly sorbed and cannot be eluted. The excess of diphenylcarbazide and some of the organic matter in natural waters are also sorbed on XAD-2 but most of this can also be eluted with methanol. Organic matter which interferes with measurement of the absorbance of Cr-DPC can almost all be removed by extraction with chloroform. By use of these techniques, Cr(VI) in sea-water has been determined by the standard-addition method. Although about 50 litres of sea-water are necessary for the analysis, organic and colloidal Cr(III) species do not interfere.     

Chemical stability and electroconductivity of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane salts containing polycation polymers

The chemical and electrical stabilities of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) salts composed of neutral TCNQ (TCNQ^?), anion radicals of TCNQ(TCNQ^?·), and polycation polymers were studied by measuring their electronic spectra and resistivities (ρ). The results of spectral and chemical analyses confirmed that TCNQ^?· in TCNQ salts was decomposed to α,α-dicyano-p-toluoylcyanide (DTC^?) as the final product by the intermediate formation of TCNQ^? and p-phenylenediamalononitrile (H₂TCNQ) and that H₂O played an important part in the reaction. From these results it was concluded that TCNQ salts are decomposed by two reaction processes: The resistivity of TCNQ salts increases with the decomposition of TCNQ^?·. Studies on electroconductivity of TCNQ salts assume that the change in resistivity arises from the loss of unpaired electrons which become conduction carriers and also from the disintegration of the TCNQ^? and TCNQ^?· complex which forms the conduction path.     

Comparison of Inspection Policies

In this paper, we compare an optimal inspection policy by Barlow et al. with nearly optimal ones by Kaio and Osaki, Munford and Shahani, and Nakagawa and Yasui. We obtain the result that, for the Weibull and gamma distributions, there are no significant differences between the optimal and nearly optimal inspection policies. We recommend the simpler-to-compute policy of Kaio and Osaki since it is nearly optimal.     

Separation of technetium from rhenium by liquid-liquid extraction with potassium xanthate

A method is described for separating technetium from rhenium in hydrochloric acid medium by liquid-liquid extraction with potassium xanthate and carbon tetrachloride. The effects of the concentration of various acids, concentration of xanthate, different solvents and diverse ions have been investigated.     

Reaction of a diphosphene with various halogens

Bis(2,4,6-tri-$\text{tert}$-butylphenyl) diphosphene reacts with various halogens to give the corresponding phosphoric dihalides, haloarene, and arene depending upon the halogen and solvent used.