A physical model of laser-assisted blocking of blood flow: II. Pulse modulation of radiation

A method for the calculation of blocking of blood flow upon treatment of vessel pathologies by laser irradiation at a wavelength of 530 nm are considered. The model is based on the assumption that blood-vessel occlusion is a consequence of preceding photothermal coagulation of internal layers of the vessel wall. The irradiation regimes are determined that provide homogeneous and highly efficient coagulation of the vessel wall under irradiation of tissues by series of short radiation pulses.     

Numerical Simulation Studies of the Long-term Evolution of a CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Plume in a Saline Aquifer with a Sloping Caprock

We have used the TOUGH2-MP/ECO2N code to perform numerical simulation studies of the long-term behavior of CO₂ stored in an aquifer with a sloping caprock. This problem is of great practical interest, and is very challenging due to the importance of multi-scale processes. We find that the mechanism of plume advance is different from what is seen in a forced immiscible displacement, such as gas injection into a water-saturated medium. Instead of pushing the water forward, the plume advances because the vertical pressure gradients within the plume are smaller than hydrostatic, causing the groundwater column to collapse ahead of the plume tip. Increased resistance to vertical flow of aqueous phase in anisotropic media leads to reduced speed of up-dip plume advancement. Vertical equilibrium models that ignore effects of vertical flow will overpredict the speed of plume advancement. The CO₂ plume becomes thinner as it advances, but the speed of advancement remains constant over the entire simulation period of up to 400 years, with migration distances of more than 80 km. Our simulations include dissolution of CO₂ into the aqueous phase and associated density increase, and molecular diffusion. However, no convection develops in the aqueous phase because it is suppressed by the relatively coarse (sub-) horizontal gridding required in a regional-scale model. A first crude sub-grid-scale model was developed to represent convective enhancement of CO₂ dissolution. This process is found to greatly reduce the thickness of the CO₂ plume, but, for the parameters used in our simulations, does not affect the speed of plume advancement.     

Open Chain Chiral Macrolide Building Blocks by Opening of Deoxygenated 1,6-Anhydrosugars with 1,3-Propanedithiol

Chiral building blocks for macrolides and related natural products are obtained from 1,6-anhydrosugars by conversion of the bicyclic acetals 2 or 12 into the open chain chiral 1,3-dithianes 6 and 13. Branched precursors can be obtained by opening of the ?erný epoxide 1 with the 1,3-dithiane anion to yield 7, followed by ring opening with 1,3-propanedithiol to the bis-1,3-dithiane 8.     

Global G-Manifold Reductions and Resolutions

The purpose of this note is to exhibit some simple and basic constructions for smooth compact transformation groups, and some of their most immediate applications to geometry.     

Applying Unconventional Spectroscopies to the Single-Molecule Magnets,Co(PPh3)2X2 (X=Cl,Br, I): Unveiling Magnetic Transitions and Spin-Phonon Coupling

Large separation of magnetic levels and slow relaxation in metal complexes are desirable properties of single-molecule magnets (SMMs). Spin-phonon coupling (interactions of magnetic levels with phonons) is ubiquitous, leading to magnetic relaxation and loss of memory in SMMs and quantum coherence in qubits. Direct observation of magnetic transitions and spin-phonon coupling in molecules is challenging. We have found that far-IR magnetic spectra (FIRMS) of Co(PPh₃)₂X₂ ( Co-X ; X=Cl, Br, I) reveal rarely observed spin-phonon coupling as avoided crossings between magnetic and u-symmetry phonon transitions. Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) gives phonon spectra. Calculations using VASP and phonopy programs gave phonon symmetries and movies. Magnetic transitions among zero-field split (ZFS) levels of the S=3/2 electronic ground state were probed by INS, high-frequency and -field EPR (HFEPR), FIRMS, and frequency-domain FT terahertz EPR (FD-FT THz-EPR), giving magnetic excitation spectra and determining ZFS parameters (D, E) and g values. Ligand-field theory (LFT) was used to analyze earlier electronic absorption spectra and give calculated ZFS parameters matching those from the experiments. DFT calculations also gave spin densities in Co-X , showing that the larger Co(II) spin density in a molecule, the larger its ZFS magnitude. The current work reveals dynamics of magnetic and phonon excitations in SMMs. Studies of such couplings in the future would help to understand how spin-phonon coupling may lead to magnetic relaxation and develop guidance to control such coupling.     

Convergence of solutions of kinetic variational inequalities in the rate-independent quasi-static limit

This paper discusses the convergence of kinetic variational inequalities to rate-independent quasi-static variational inequalities. Mathematical formulations as well as existence and uniqueness results for kinetic and rate-independent quasi-static problems are provided. Sharp a priori estimates for the kinetic problem are derived that imply that the kinetic solutions converge to the rate-independent ones, when the size of initial perturbations and the rate of application of the forces tend to 0. An application to three-dimensional elastic-plastic systems with hardening is given.