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51.
There are aspects of privacy theory that are analogous to quantum theory. In particular one can define distillable key and key cost in parallel to distillable entanglement and entanglement cost. We present here classical privacy theory as a particular case of information theory with adversaries, where similar general laws hold as in entanglement theory. We place the result of Renner and Wolf—that intrinsic information is lower bound for key cost—into this general formalism. Then we show that the question of whether intrinsic information is equal to key cost is equivalent to the question of whether Alice and Bob can create a distribution product with Eve using IM bits of secret key. We also propose a natural analogue of relative entropy of entanglement in privacy theory and show that it is equal to the intrinsic information. We also provide a formula analogous to the entanglement of formation for classical distributions. It is our pleasure to dedicate this paper to Asher Peres on the occasion of his seventieth birthday.  相似文献   
52.
A new, highly potent activator for molybdenum hexacarbonyl and 2-fluorophenol is described. An "instant"catalyst formed in situ from molybdenum hexacarbonyl and 2-fluorophenol shows high activity for cross- and ring-closing alkyne metathesis reaction. The use of 2-fluorophenol can be combined with other activation methods to allow alkyne metathesis at relatively low temperature (80 degrees C).  相似文献   
53.
Dendritic cells (DC) are known to present exogenous protein Ag effectively to T cells. In this study we sought to identify the proteases that DC employ during antigen processing. The murine epidermal-derived DC line Xs52, when pulsed with PPD, optimally activated the PPD-reactive Th1 clone LNC.2F1 as well as the Th2 clone LNC.4k1, and this activation was completely blocked by chloroquine pretreatment. These results validate the capacity of XS52 DC to digest PPD into immunogenic peptides inducing antigen specific T cell immune responses. XS52 DC, as well as splenic DC and DCs derived from bone marrow degraded standard substrates for cathepsins B, C, D/E, H, J, and L, tryptase, and chymases, indicating that DC express a variety of protease activities. Treatment of XS52 DC with pepstatin A, an inhibitor of aspartic acid proteases, completely abrogated their capacity to present native PPD, but not trypsin-digested PPD fragments to Th1 and Th2 cell clones. Pepstatin A also inhibited cathepsin D/E activity selectively among the XS52 DC-associated protease activities. On the other hand, inhibitors of serine proteases (dichloroisocoumarin, DCI) or of cystein proteases (E-64) did not impair XS52 DC presentation of PPD, nor did they inhibit cathepsin D/E activity. Finally, all tested DC populations (XS52 DC, splenic DC, and bone marrow-derived DC) constitutively expressed cathepsin D mRNA. These results suggest that DC primarily employ cathepsin D (and perhaps E) to digest PPD into antigenic peptides.  相似文献   
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Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiling was applied to characterize the Fe-oxide layers prepared by low temperature oxidation of Fe electromagnetic sheets produced on an industrial line for applications in the field of electrical motors. In addition the surface morphology, layer composition and layer structure were analysed by electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. We found that the oxide layers on Fe-sheets with good adhesion between the oxide layer and Fe-substrate, consist mainly of magnetite and to a smaller extent of haematite; the layers are typically thinner than 1 μm and the interface between the oxide layer and the Fe-substrate is relatively broad, i.e. up to 0.3 μm. On the contrary, a decrease of adhesion between the oxide layer and the Fe-substrate was found when the layer is thicker than 1 μm and the layer/substrate interface is narrow and contaminated by foreign elements.  相似文献   
56.
We have performed the direct measurements of 13C magnetic shielding for pure liquid TMS, solution of 1% TMS in CDCl3 and solid fullerene. The measurements were carried out in spherical ampoules exploring the relation between the resonance frequencies, shielding constants and magnetic moments of 13C and 3He nuclei. Next the 13C shielding constants of glycine, hexamethylbenzene and adamantane were established on the basis of appropriate chemical shifts measured in the solid state. All the new results are free from susceptibility effects and can be recommended as the reference standards of 13C shielding scale in the magic angle spinning NMR experiments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
57.
A new, sensitive LC–MS method for evaluation of the purity of Transkarbam 12 (T12), a novel and highly effective accelerant of transdermal penetration, has been developed and validated. T12 and its impurities (6-aminohexanoic acid, AH, ε-caprolactam, CA, and dodecyl 6-(6-aminohexanamido)hexanoate, DAH) were characterized by MS and MS–MS analysis. Separation was achieved on a 150 mm × 3 mm, 5-μm particle, phenyl–hexyl column. The mobile phase was a gradient prepared from water, formic acid, and acetonitrile. The method was validated within the concentration range 50–250 ng mL?1; correlation coefficients were >0.998. The accuracy of the method was from 98.6–105.0% for AH, 102.6–104.8% for CA, and 97.9–100.9% for DAH. Precision was in the range 3.19–4.42% for AH, 3.22–5.81% for CA, and 4.8–8.78% for DAH. The selectivity of the method and sample stability were also confirmed. The practical applicability of the method was proven by analysis of T12 bulk substance.  相似文献   
58.
The type of cooperation between antioxidants in the binary mixtures of four substituted diphenylamines and phenotiazine in the stabilization of styrene-butadiene rubber has been tested. Thermooxidation of the samples has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry under non-isothermal conditions. The protection factors of the individual stabilizers and their mixtures were determined. The synergy factors were applied to asses the type of cooperation of antioxidants in the mixtures. From their values it can be concluded that the type of cooperation depends on temperature. The highest synergistic effect has been observed for the mixture of phenotiazine and [4-(1-methyl-1-phenyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-phenylamine.  相似文献   
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