Concepts of probabilistic sets

In the field of pattern recognition or decision making theory, the important subjects are as follows: (1) ambiguity of property of objects, (2) variety of character of objects, (3) subjectivity of observers, (4) evolution of knowledge of observers (i.e. learning). Considering these points, the concept of probabilistic set is proposed. It is based on both probability theory and fuzzy concepts. A probabilistic set on a total space is defined by a point wise measurable function from a parameter space (which is a probability space) to a characteristic space (which is a measurable space). It is shown that the family of all probabilistic sets constitutes a complete pseudo-Boolean algebra. Moment analysis is possible by using a probability measure of the parameter space. Other useful concepts are also mentioned such as probabilistic mappings and expected cardinal numbers.     

Hadroproduction of heavy quark flavors in QCD

Within the framework of perturbative QCD, we investigate the hadroproduction of charmed particles via two-gluon as well as quark-pair annihilation. The total production cross section is found to be sensitive to the choice of the scale parameter Q² and in general not free from non-perturbative effects. Charmed-particle production in the high-p_T region is also studied.     

Potential application of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) gel containing polymeric micelles to drug delivery systems

We have investigated rapidly thermo-responsive NIPA gel containing polymer surfactant PMDP (NIPA-PMDP gel) as a potential drug carrier using (+)-l-ascorbic acid as a model drug. In the NIPA-PMDP gel system micelles of polymer surfactant PMDP are trapped by the entanglement of polymer chains inside the gel networks. Therefore, in principle the gel system tightly stores targeted drug in the micelles and rapidly releases controlled amount of the drug by switching on-off of external stimuli such as temperature or infrared laser beam. In our investigation on release profile, the NIPA-PMDP gel system showed completely different releasing behavior from that of the conventional NIPA gel. The NIPA-PMDP gel released rapidly all loaded (+)-l-ascorbic acid above the phase transition temperature (ca. 34 degrees C), while slowly released the corresponding amount of the drug below the temperature. In contrast, the conventional NIPA gel released more slowly limited amount of the drug above the phase transition temperature while similarly did to the NIPA-PMDP gel below the temperature. The release profile of the NIPA-PMDP gel seems to be governed by only kinetics of volume phase transition of the gel network but not by the hydrophobic domains of the micelles probably because of too hydrophilic nature of (+)-l-ascorbic acid.     

Chemical reactivities of the cation and anion of M@C82 (M = Y, La, and Ce)

The chemical reduction and oxidation of M@C82 (M = Y, La, and Ce) afford the corresponding anion and cation, respectively, which show unique and interesting chemical reactivities. It is found that the successful reversible gain or loss of electrons by ionization is useful for controlling the stability and reactivity of M@C82 toward both nucleophiles and electrophiles.     

Studies on the syntheses of azole derivatives. Part I. Formation of 1-substituted-3-hydroxy-1H-indazole and I-substituted benzimidazolin-2-one derivatives by thermal reaction of N-substituted-N-arylcarbamoyl azides.

The formation of 1-substituted-3-hydroxy-1H-indazole and 1-substituted-benzimidazolin-2-one derivatives by thermal reaction of N-substituted-N-arylcarbamoyl azides was examined.     

Total synthesis of a macrocyclic spermidine alkaloid,codonocarpine

Total synthesis of codonocarpine ($\text{5}$) and its regio-isomer ($\text{1}$$\text{5}$) utilizing a new cyclization procedure is described.     

Opposite-side angular correlation of high-pT particles as a probe of gluons

Opposite-side angular distributions of high-p_T particles in the jet trigger experiments are studied in the lowest-order QCD. Gluon jets play a crucial role in understanding correlations between two high-p_T jets. The angular distribution of the positive-to-negative particle ratio and that of charmed particles can be good probes of the gluon density inside a nucleon.     

Effects of degree of crystallinity upon dielectric behaviors in some aromatic Polyesters

Zusammenfassung An vier polymerhomologen Reihen von Oligomeren des Nylon 6-, Nylon 66- und Polyurethantyps wurde der Einfluß einer Temperaturvorbehandlung, der Phenolquellung und der Kristallisationsbedingungen auf die Langperiode röntgenographisch untersucht. Es wurde der Polymerisationsgrad festgestellt, bei dem die Oligomeren der vier Reihen erstmalig moleküllängenunabhängige Langperioden nach Art der vonHeß undKießig in Röntgenogrammen von Polyamiden und Polyestern entdeckten Kleinwinkelinterferenzen liefern.Das Auftreten vonHeß-Kießig-Reflexen in denKratky-Diagrammen der höheren Oligomeren wird durch Kettenüberfaltung erklärt.XXVII. Mitt. über Oligomere. XXVI. Mitt. vgl.Zahn, H., J. Kunde undG. Heidemann, Makromol. Chem.43, 220 (1961).Dem Andenken anKurt Heß gewidmet.Wir danken dem Bundeswirtschaftsministerium (Forschungsvorhaben J 272), dem Fonds der Chemischen Industrie, Düsseldorf, sowie der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bad Godesberg, für die Förderung dieser Arbeit.