Refraction of light in media

The roles of the magnetic field and electric field of the light are investigated when the light is refracted in the medium. The model of the electron cloud conductor is presented. Electron cloud in a molecule is treated as a conductor and the Faraday’s Law is applied to this conductor that is in the alternating magnetic field of the light. dB _M/dt of the light gives rise to an alternating induced current on the electron cloud conductor, and the light exchanges energy, i.e. the refractive energy, with the electron cloud conductor. Formulas of refractive index, which is the ratio of light speed in vacuum to that in the medium, are derived with this model. These formulas are tested with several mediums and Langevin’s diamagnetic susceptibility of helium gas, and the results are in good agreement with the measured data. The anisotropy and the nonlinearity of the refractive index are explained with the theory described in this work. Supported by Beijing Science and Technology New Star Program (Grant No. 952870400), the Beijing Municipal Commission of Education and the Excellent Young Teachers Program of Ministry of Education of China     

Utilization of the BARC critical facility for ADS related experiments

The paper discusses the basic design of the critical facility, whose main purpose is the physics validation of AHWR. Apart from moderator level control, the facility will have shutdown systems based on shutoff rods and multiple ranges of neutron detection systems. In addition, it will have a flux mapping system based on 25 fission chambers, distributed in the core. We are planning to use this reactor for experiments with a suitable source to simulate an ADS system. Any desired sub-criticality can be achieved by adjusting the moderator level. Apart from perfecting our experimental techniques, in simple configurations, we intend to study the one-way coupled core in this facility. Preliminary calculations, employing a Monte Carlo code TRIPOLI, are presented.      

Reply to Comments of Bassi,Ghirardi, and Tumulka on the Free Will Theorem

We respond to criticisms of our paper “The Free Will Theorem”, and produce a new form of the theorem based on weaker assumptions.     

Photonic crystal channel drop filters with mirror cavities

In this paper, a new channel drop filter in two dimensional photonic crystals with mirror cavities is proposed. In the structure, three cavities are used. One is used for a resonant tunneling-based channel drop filter. The others are used to realize reflection feedback in the bus waveguide, which consists of a point defect micro-cavity side-coupled to a waveguide. The simulation results by using the finite-difference time-domain method conclude 98% output efficiency.     

AWG and EDFA based optical packet switch using feedback shared loop buffer memory

Optical packet switching provides high speed, data rate/format transparency, efficient use of bandwidth and flexibility. The major problem in the implementation of “all-optical” switching is contention which occurs when two or more packets arrive at the same time for the same destination. To resolve the contention, we have proposed an optical packet switch architecture based on WDM loop buffer memory in the feedback configuration. In that architecture, the contending packets are stored in a loop buffer module, and routed in the free time slots. The buffering duration in the recirculating loop is limited by a circulation limit. The analysis was been done to obtain the maximum number of allowed circulations. This paper proposes improved version of that optical packet switch architecture, to increase the number of maximum allowed circulations. The modification is done either by adding an extra erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) in the original switch or by replacing the core space switch with arrayed waveguide grating (AWG). The performance analysis has been done by the simulations.     

Electroluminescence efficiency in bilayer organic light-emitting devices with LiF/Al cathode

An analytical model to calculate electroluminescence (EL) efficiency of bilayer organic light-emitting devices, considering the influence of introducing LiF insulating buffer layer at metal/organic interface on the barrier height for electron injection, was presented. The relations of EL efficiency versus the applied voltage and injection barrier or internal interfacial barrier or the thickness of organic layer were discussed. The results indicate that: (1) when δ e/δ h < 2, metal/organic (M/O) interface is ohmic contact; when δ e/δ h > 2, M/O becomes contact limited; and when δ e/δ h = 2 (Φ h ～ 0.2 eV, Φ e ～ 0.3 eV), there is a transition from ohmic contact to contact limited; (2) η EL decreases with the increase of δ′e / δ′h; however, when δ′e / δ′h > 2.5 (H ′h～ 0.2 eV, H ′e～ 0.4 eV), the changes of η EL are very small, which shows that η EL is dominated by the carrier’s injection; (3) when increasing Lh/L, η R has a descending trend at low voltage and a rising one at higher voltage. For a given Lh/L, η EL first increases and then decreases with the increasing applied voltage, and as Lh/L further increases, the variation tendency of η EL is more obvious. These conclusions are in agreement with the reported theoretic and experimental results.     

Low Dimension Dynamics in the EPRB Experiment with Random Variable Analyzers

The Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen–Bohm (EPRB) experiment performed with random variable and spatially separated analyzers is a milestone test in the controversy between Objective Local Theories (OLT) and Quantum Mechanics (QM). Only a few OLT are still possible. Some of the surviving OLT (specifically, the so called non-ergodic theories) would be undetectable in the averaged statistical values, but they may leave their trace in the time dynamics. For, while QM predicts random processes, the OLT of this kind predict the existence of regularities that may be revealed as a low dimensional object in the phase space. We perform a numerical analysis of the time-resolved data recorded in that experiment to unveil any hypothetical low dimensional dynamics that may be present. We find no consistent indication of such dynamics except for one data file, the longest of all in the real time. The possible causes of these dynamics are discussed.      

Temperature sensors and optical sensors

The dependence of temperature on the fluorescence lifetime and fluorescence intensity ratio using Stark sublevels and thermally coupled (close lying) levels in triply ionized rare earth ions, doped into a variety of glasses and fibers, have been reviewed. Also, it is claimed that not only for the two closely lying levels of triply ionized rare earth ion of the same kind, but also for two different triply ionized rare earth ions, having their excited levels very close to each other, may be used to monitor the temperature. PACS 42.70.Ce     

Mechanical Characterization Measurement of Polymer Material under Stress by Birefringence Microscope

Some polymer materials under tensile stress provide us interesting information. Internal structure changes of polymer materials must be observed by external stress. Birefringence shows the orientation characteristic in molecular orientation. A microscopic measurement system for birefringence distribution is proposed to analyze the relation between applied stress and birefringence distribution of an internal structure. Birefringence distributions of gelatin such as phase difference and azimuthal angle are shown in cases of loading and unloading stress as a demonstration. The phase difference increased nonlinearly with each process, and change of birefringence in the elastic domain was different from that in the plastic domain.     

Optical potential analysis of proton elastic scattering from <Superscript>12</Superscript>C based on the <Emphasis Type="Italic">α</Emphasis>-particle model

Based on an α-particle model of ¹²C, an optical potential for intermediate-energy proton- ¹²C scattering is presented in the framework of the KMT theory. The parameterized proton- ⁴He amplitude, the required basic input for constructing the optical potential, is obtained by fitting the proton- ⁴He scattering data. The differential cross-sections and analyzing powers of the proton- ¹²C elastic scattering at incident energies ranging from 0.2 to 1.0GeV have been calculated by using the obtained optical potential. The main features of the measured angular distributions of the cross-section and the analyzing power can be satisfactorily described. The proton- ¹²C total cross-sections have also been calculated, and the results are in good agreement with the experimental data at energies below 0.6GeV but underestimate the data about 6% at higher energies.