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71.
2.5Gb/s SONET/SDH applications with reach up to 80km in standard SMF fiber, is presented.
Introduction Due to the trend towards higher port densities in high-capacity communication systems,Small Form Factor (SFF) Transceivers are becoming popular [1]. Originally, SFF transceivers were designed to address short reach (2km) and intermediate reach(15km) applications using PIN receivers [2]. We have developed SFF transceivers for the high-end SONET/SDH space (2.5Gb/s speed for 40km and 80km reach). This part of the SONET/SDH space is unique due to the need for Avalanche Photo Diode (APD) based receiver within a SFF footprint, and still maintaining a good transceiver performance is a real challenge. 相似文献
72.
This paper presents an experimental determination of the virtual mass and drag coefficients of a disk oscillating sinusoidally in a two-phase mixture of air flowing through stagnant water. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the importance of virtual mass on the transient response of an INEL-type drag-disk flow meter.The results indicate that for a given void fraction, the virtual mass coefficient increases, and the drag coefficient decreases, with increasing amplitude parameter. Also, for a given amplitude parameter, the virtual mass coefficient decreases, and the drag coefficient increases, with increasing void fraction.Based on the measured virtual mass coefficients, it was concluded that when an INEL-type drag-disk is used for the measurement of transient two-phase flows, virtual mass effects may be neglected in the analysis of its response without appreciable error. 相似文献
73.
74.
Water Molecules in Hydrotalcite‐like Layered Double Hydroxides: Interplay between the Hydration of the Anions and the Metal Hydroxide Layer 下载免费PDF全文
Layered double hydroxides comprise positively charged metal hydroxide layers and intercalated anions. These materials are obtained from aqueous medium both in nature and in the laboratory. Consequently the layered double hydroxides include a considerable amount of water. The presented study was designed to determine the proportion of water associated with the hydration sphere of the anion as opposed to that of the metal hydroxide slab. Among the two differently bound water species observed in all layered double hydroxides, the weakly bound water is associated with the metal hydroxide layer and is lost at 100 °C, whereas the strongly bound water is in the hydration sphere of the anion and is lost at higher temperatures (100 °C ≤ T ≤ 250 °C). This is in contrast to the better known cationic clays, wherein all the intercalated water is generally found to be in the hydration sphere of the cations. Further the water molecules in layered double hydroxides also bond to each other, leading to the incorporation of water in excess of what is predicted by the Miyata formula (Miyata, 1975) based on crystal chemical considerations. The excess water is one of the reasons for the poor crystallinity of layered hydroxides. 相似文献
75.
Dhiraj Brahman Amarjit Kamath Dipu Kumar Mishra Biswajit Sinha 《Journal of solution chemistry》2017,46(3):589-612
The densities, viscosities and refractive indices of N,N /-ethylene-bis(salicylideneiminato)-diaquochromium(III) chloride, [Cr(salen)(H2O)2]Cl, in aqueous dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) with different mass fractions (w 2 = 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80 and 1.00) of DMSO were determined at 298.15, 308.15 and 318.15 K under atmospheric pressure. From measured densities, viscosities and refractive indices the apparent molar volumes (V φ ), standard partial molar volume (V φ 0 ), the slope (S V * ), standard isobaric partial molar expansibility (φ E 0 ) and its temperature dependence (?φ E 0 /?T) p , the viscosity B-coefficient, its temperature dependence (?B/?T), solvation number (S n ) and apparent molar refractivity (R D φ ), etc., were calculated and discussed on the basis of ion–ion and ion–solvent interactions. These results revealed that the solutions are characterized by ion–solvent interactions rather than by ion–ion interactions and the complex behaves as a long range structure maker. Thermodynamics of viscous flow was discussed in terms of transition state theory. 相似文献
76.
Electronic Structure Insights into the Solvation of Magnesium Ions with Cyclic and Acyclic Carbonates 下载免费PDF全文
Mehdi Shakourian‐Fard Dr. Ganesh Kamath Subramanian K. R. S. Sankaranarayanan 《Chemphyschem》2015,16(17):3607-3617
A computational framework to rank the solvation behavior of Mg2+ in carbonates by using molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory is reported. Based on the binding energies and enthalpies of solvation calculated at the M06‐2X/6‐311++G(d,p) level of theory and the free energies of solvation from ABF‐MD simulations, we find that ethylene carbonate (EC) and the ethylene carbonate:propylene carbonate (EC:PC) binary mixture are the best carbonate solvents for interacting with Mg2+. Natural bond orbital and quantum theory of atoms in molecules analyses support the thermochemistry calculations with the highest values of charge transfer, perturbative stabilization energies, electron densities, and Wiberg bond indices being observed in the Mg2+(EC) and Mg2+(EC:PC) complexes. The plots of the noncovalent interactions indicate that those responsible for the formation of Mg2+ carbonate complexes are strong‐to‐weak attractive interactions, depending on the regions that are interacting. Finally, density of state calculations indicate that the interactions between Mg2+ and the carbonate solvents affects the HOMO and LUMO states of all carbonate solvents and moves them to more negative energy values. 相似文献
77.
Carbonate and chloride ions mediate an ordered stacking of metal hydroxide slabs to yield ordered layered double hydroxides (LDHs) of Zn with Al, by virtue of their ability to occupy crystallographically well-defined interlayer sites. Other anions such as ClO(4)- (T(d)), BrO(3)- (C(3v)), and NO(3)- (coordination symmetry C(2v)) whose symmetry does not match the symmetry of the interlayer sites (D(3h) or O(h)) introduce a significant number of stacking faults, leading to turbostratic disorder. SO(4)(2-) ions (coordination symmetry C(3v)) alter the long-range stacking of the metal hydroxide slabs to nucleate a different polytype. The degree of disorder is also affected by the method of synthesis. Anion-exchange reactions yield a solid with a greater degree of order if the incoming ion is a CO3(2-) or Cl-. Incoming NO(3)- ions yield an interstratified phase, whereas incoming SO(4)(2-) ions generate turbostratic disorder. Conservation or its converse, elimination, of stacking disorders during anion exchange is the net result of several competing factors such as (i) the orientation of the hydroxyl groups in the interlayer region, (ii) the symmetry of the interlayer sites, (iii) the symmetry of the incoming ion, and (iv) the configuration of the anion. These short-range interactions ultimately affect the long-range stacking order or "crystallinity" of the LDH. 相似文献
78.
Braja K. Mandal Arun K. Sinha Manjunath Kamath 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》1996,34(4):643-649
A new class of hydroxyl terminated silicon phthalocyanine (SiPc) derivatives was prepared by capping dihydroxy SiPc with a variety of compounds containing two or more hydroxyl groups. The unique feature of these polyhydroxy SiPc derivatives is their function as crosslinkers that allows their processability into polyurethane films on reacting with isophorone diisocyanate. The films possess high impact resistance, thermostability at 125°C for over 10 h, and low absorption in the visible region. Solid polymeric films incorporating over 20% (w/w) of Pc rings were prepared without phase segregation. The kinetic parameters of polymerization, such as reaction conversion versus time and temperature, heat of reaction (ΔH), activation energy (ΔE), and reaction order (n) were investigated. Some of the polyhydroxy SiPc derivatives exhibit very high solubility in common organic solvents and possess adequate optical transparency for use as nonlinear optical materials in vision protection against laser light. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
79.
V K Senecha Y B S R Prasad M P Kamath A S Joshi G S Solanki A P Kulkarni S Gupta R Pareek H C Pant 《Pramana》2000,55(5-6):789-795
An investigation of x-ray emission from Cu plasma produced by 1.054 μm Nd:glass laser pulses of 5 ns duration, at 2 × 1012 − 2 × 1013 W cm−2 is reported. The x-ray emission has been studied as a function of target position with respect to the laser beam focus position.
It has been observed that x-ray emissions from ns duration plasma show a volume effect similar to subnanosecond plasmas. Due
to this effect the x-ray yield increases when target is moved away relative to the best focal plane of the laser beam. This
result supports the theoretical model of Tallents and has also been testified independently using suitably modified theoretical
model for our experimental conditions. While above result is in good agreement with similar experimental results obtained
for sub-nanosecond laser produced plasmas, it differs from result claiming filamentation rather than pure geometrical effect
leading to x-ray enhancement for ns plasmas. 相似文献
80.
Anupama Kamath Sandeep P. Netalkar Dhoolesh Gangaram Kokare Krishna Naik Vidyanand K. Revankar 《Journal of luminescence》2012,132(10):2763-2768
A tetranucleating compartmental Schiff base ligand system has been derived from 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol, p-phenylenediamine and 2-aminomethylbenzimidazole. Phenoxide bridged later first row transition metal(II) complexes of this ligand have been prepared by conventional sequential route. Ligand and complexes were characterized by routine physicochemical characterizations. The mutual influence of metal centers in terms of cooperative effect on the electronic, magnetic, electrochemical and structural properties was investigated. The Schiff-bases exhibit fluorescence originating from intraligand (π→π?) transitions. Metal mediated fluorescence enhancement is observed on complexation with Zn(II), whereas metal mediated fluorescence quenching occurs in all other complexes. 相似文献