全文获取类型
收费全文 | 728篇 |
免费 | 10篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 412篇 |
晶体学 | 7篇 |
力学 | 18篇 |
数学 | 65篇 |
物理学 | 236篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 6篇 |
2020年 | 9篇 |
2019年 | 6篇 |
2018年 | 9篇 |
2017年 | 16篇 |
2016年 | 7篇 |
2015年 | 10篇 |
2014年 | 15篇 |
2013年 | 55篇 |
2012年 | 31篇 |
2011年 | 27篇 |
2010年 | 36篇 |
2009年 | 25篇 |
2008年 | 20篇 |
2007年 | 28篇 |
2006年 | 30篇 |
2005年 | 23篇 |
2004年 | 22篇 |
2003年 | 13篇 |
2002年 | 18篇 |
2001年 | 17篇 |
2000年 | 15篇 |
1998年 | 6篇 |
1997年 | 8篇 |
1995年 | 11篇 |
1994年 | 8篇 |
1993年 | 10篇 |
1991年 | 9篇 |
1988年 | 9篇 |
1987年 | 8篇 |
1985年 | 7篇 |
1984年 | 11篇 |
1983年 | 12篇 |
1982年 | 14篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1977年 | 12篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 10篇 |
1974年 | 7篇 |
1973年 | 18篇 |
1972年 | 10篇 |
1971年 | 8篇 |
1969年 | 5篇 |
1968年 | 11篇 |
1967年 | 5篇 |
1966年 | 8篇 |
1958年 | 5篇 |
排序方式: 共有738条查询结果,搜索用时 10 毫秒
61.
The polyhedron defined by all the split cuts obtainable directly (i.e. without iterated cut generation) from the LP-relaxation
P of a mixed integer program (MIP) is termed the (elementary, or rank 1) split closure of P. This paper deals with the problem of optimizing over the elementary split closure. This is accomplished by repeatedly solving
the following separation problem: given a fractional point, say x, find a rank-1 split cut violated by x or show that none exists. Following Caprara and Letchford [17], we formulate this separation problem as a nonlinear mixed
integer program that can be treated as a parametric mixed integer linear program (PMILP) with a single parameter in the objective
function and the right hand side. We develop an algorithmic framework to deal with the resulting PMILP by creating and maintaining
a dynamically updated grid of parameter values, and use the corresponding mixed integer programs to generate rank 1 split
cuts. Our approach was implemented in the COIN-OR framework using CPLEX 9.0 as a general purpose MIP solver. We report our
computational results on well-known benchmark instances from MIPLIB 3.0 and several classes of structured integer and mixed
integer problems. Our computational results show that rank-1 split cuts close more than 98% of the duality gap on 15 out of
41 mixed integer instances from MIPLIB 3.0. More than 75% of the duality gap can be closed on an additional 10 instances.
The average gap closed over all 41 instances is 72.78%. In the pure integer case, rank-1 split cuts close more than 75% of
the duality gap on 13 out of 24 instances from MIPLIB 3.0. On average, rank 1 split cuts close about 72% of the duality gap
on these 24 instances. We also report results on several classes of structured problems: capacitated versions of warehouse
location, single-source facility location, p-median, fixed charge network flow, multi-commodity network design with splittable and unsplittable flows, and lot sizing.
The fraction of the integrality gap closed varies for these problem classes between 100 and 67%. We also gathered statistics
on the average coefficient size (absolute value) of the disjunctions generated. They turn out to be surprisingly small.
Research was supported by the National Science Foundation through grant #DMI-0352885 and by the Office of Naval Research through
contract N00014-03-1-0133. 相似文献
62.
63.
64.
R.K. Bhan Raghvendra Sahai Saxena N.K. Saini L. Sareen R. Pal R.K. Sharma 《Infrared Physics & Technology》2011,54(5):379-381
Hg1−xCdxTe Metal–Insulator–Semiconductor (MIS) capacitors were studied both experimentally and theoretically to investigate the capacitance contributions due to band-to-band (btb) tunnelling and generation–recombination (gr) of carriers to inversion layer capacitance. A good fit to the data has been obtained by including the btb contributions rather than gr contributions. 相似文献
65.
Sheetal Saxena Alexander Summa Dominik Elsässer Michael Rüger Karl Mannheim 《The European Physical Journal C - Particles and Fields》2011,71(11):1815
As the largest mass concentrations in the local Universe, nearby clusters of galaxies and their central galaxies are prime
targets in searching for indirect signatures of dark matter annihilation (DMA). We seek to constrain the dark matter annihilation
emission component from multi-frequency observations of the central galaxy of the Virgo cluster. The annihilation emission
component is modeled by the prompt and inverse-Compton gamma rays from the hadronization of annihilation products from generic
weakly interacting dark matter particles. This component is fitted to the excess of the observed data above the spectral energy
distribution (SED) of the jet in M87, described with a best-fit synchrotron-self-Compton (SSC) spectrum. While this result
is not sufficiently significant to claim a detection, we emphasize that a dark matter “double hump signature” can be used
to unambiguously discriminate the dark matter emission component from the variable jet-related emission of M87 in future,
more extended observation campaigns. 相似文献
66.
Silicon nanoclusters formation in pulsed laser deposited (PLD) silicon suboxide (SiOX) films by thermal annealing is reported. The SiOX films are prepared by ablation of silicon target at different oxygen partial pressures. The different deposition conditions are employed to study the effect of oxygen concentration on the size of the nanoclusters. Post deposition thermal annealing of the films leads to the phase separation in silicon suboxide films. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy studies were carried out to characterize the formation of silicon nanoclusters in SiOX films. 相似文献
67.
Cryopreservation of shoot tips and cotyledons of the north american ginseng (Panax quinquefolius l.)
North American ginseng (NAG) (Panax quinqueolius L.) is a medicinal plant in high demand due to its health benefits. Cryopreservation is a good alternative for long-term conservation of NAG germplasm. Pretreatments of shoot tips (0.8-1 mm) and cotyledons (1-2 mm) on sucrose and abscisic acid (ABA) enriched medium were tested to determine the effects on regrowth following cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen. The maximum regrowth (60 percent) following PVS2 vitrification occurred with shoot tips after three weeks of cold acclimation and pretreatment on sucrose (0.3 M) or a combination of ABA (0.1 M) and sucrose in the third week. Cotyledon recovery was best with the combination pretreatment. Shoot tips showed normal development and cotyledons produced embryogenic callus after the cryopreservation process. This is the first report on cryopreservation of shoot tips and cotyledons of Panax species. This cryopreservation protocol provides a safe long-term storage method for important NAG selections and makes it possible to use cryopreservation for improving the security of NAG germplasm. 相似文献
68.
Dielectric properties of polymer blend of polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) and polysulfone (PSF) of different wt. % have been studied to understand the molecular motion and their relaxation behavior in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 10 kHz at different temperatures between 30 and 190 °C. The dielectric constant of the blend decreased with frequency and increased with the increasing temperature and PSF content in the blend. The magnitude of dielectric loss also increased with increase in temperature and PSF content. The observed characteristic has been consistently explained in terms of dipolar motions and the plasticization effect brought about by blending of PSF with PVDF. At constant frequency and temperature, the blend follows a linear relationship between logarithm of their dielectric constant and different ratios of blend. The appearance of a peak for each concentration in dielectric loss suggests the presence of relaxing dipoles in the blend. In addition of PSF with PVDF, the peak shifts toward higher frequency side suggesting the speed up the relaxation process. AC dielectric data is also combined with thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) data which is generally studied for low-frequency dielectric properties of polymers blends so as to produce the results in a wide frequency range. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the blend was studied by differential scanning calorimetric technique (DSC), the Tg was compared and correlated with TSDC peak. The blend samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study the formation of blend and micro structural properties of the materials. The shifting of peak toward lower diffraction angle side confirms the reduction in particle size with increasing amorphous content in the blend. 相似文献
69.
Landrieu I Lacosse L Leroy A Wieruszeski JM Trivelli X Sillen A Sibille N Schwalbe H Saxena K Langer T Lippens G 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2006,128(11):3575-3583
The phosphorylation of the neuronal Tau protein modulates both its physiological role of microtubule binding and its aggregation into paired helical fragments observed in Alzheimer's diseased neurons. However, detailed knowledge of the role of phosphorylation at specific sites has been hampered by the analytical difficulties to evaluate the level of site-specific phosphate incorporation. Even with recombinant kinases, mass spectrometry and immunodetection are not evident for determining the full phosphorylation pattern in a qualitative and quantitative manner. We show here that heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy on a 15N labeled Tau sample modified by the cAMP dependent kinase allows identification of all phosphorylation sites, measures their level of phosphate integration, and yields kinetic data for the enzymatic modification of the individual sites. Filtering through the 15N label discards the necessity of any further sample purification and allows the in situ monitoring of kinase activity at selected sites. We finally demonstrate that the NMR approach can equally be used to evaluate potential kinase inhibitors in a straightforward manner. 相似文献
70.
Tajima Kenji Imai Tomoya Yui Toshifumi Yao Min Saxena Inder 《Cellulose (London, England)》2022,29(5):2755-2777
Cellulose - Cellulose is produced by all plants and a number of other organisms, including bacteria. The most representative cellulose-producing bacterial species is Gluconacetobacter xylinus, an... 相似文献