Methods and Results of Optical Investigations on Semiconductor Interfaces

Measurement of the state of polarization of reflected light (ellipsometry) permits the determination of the thickness and refractive index of thin layers formed on a surface. The IR absorption spectra of such thin layers, which can be measured by means of internal reflection spectroscopy (IRS), provide information about their chemical composition. These methods have been used to study adsorption processes and the formation of reaction layers at semiconductor interfaces, and may also be used for measurements of free charge carriers in the space-charge region and in surface states. Results of such investigations are given in this article.     

Methodische Hinweise und Fehlerm?glichkeiten bei der Untersuchung membranfiltrierter w?\riger L?sungen

Zusammenfassung Es wird auf eine bisher nicht beachtete Fehlermöglichkeit bei der analytischen Untersuchung und Weiterverwendung von membranfiltrierten Lösungen hingewiesen. Die üblichen Membranfilter enthalten zur Hydrophilisierung bestimmte Mengen anionaktiver Tenside, die sich nur in wechselndem Ausma\e vor dem Gebrauch eluieren lassen. Bei der Untersuchung von membranfiltrierten Flu\-, Grund- und Trinkwasserproben findet man dadurch zu hohe Tensidkonzentrationen und bei der Austestung und Verwendung sterilfiltrierter Wirkstofflösungen u. a. können betrÄchtliche Störungen eintreten. Von Fall zu Fall ist darum eine sorgfÄltige Versuchskontrolle hinsichtlich einer spezifischen Tensidwirkung nötig.

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Summary Reference is made to a source of error so far unknown in analytical examinations of aqueous membrane-filtered solutions. Membrane filters usually contain a certain amount of anionic surface-active substances for hydrophilizing purposes. These substances are only partly eliminated before the use of the filter. Therefore, in samples of membrane-filtered river, underground and tap water concentrations are found higher than the actual detergent content. There may also be interferences with the testing of bio-active substances, for instance of antibiotics. Advice is given to control carefully the possible specific effect of surface-active substances during these experiments.

     

Existence of a photodecolorization reaction of the colored form of spiropyrans under the influence of initiating UV irradiation

The kinetics of photochromic transformations of spiropyrans of the indole series with various substituents in the 1 and 5 positions were studied. The existence of a photodecolorization reaction under the influence of activating UV light was proved, and the effect of substituents on the quantum yields of the photocoloration and photodecolorization reactions was studied.     

Synthese und Konfiguration von Methylestern der diastereomeren (±)-3-Amino-2,3-diarylpropansäuren,der (±)-3-Amino-2,3-diarylpropanole und ihrer Derivate

Zusammenfassung Durch Umsetzung von Hydramiden mit am aromatischen Ring m,p-dialkoxysubstituierten Arylessigsäureestern in Gegenwart von wasserfr. AlCl₃ entstehen Gemische aus Estern der (±)-erythro- und (±)-threo-3-Amino-2,3-diarylpropansäuren. Bei der Umsetzung von Piperonalhydramid mit dem Methylester der Homoveratrumsäure konnte lediglich daserythro-Diastereomere isoliert werden.Die diastereomeren Ester wurden zu den jeweiligen (±)-erythro- und (±)-threo-3-Amino-2,3-diaryl-1-propanolen reduziert, die als N,O-Dibenzoylderivate charakterisiert wurden. Ihre relativen Konfigurationen und die der zugehörigen Ester wurden auf Grund der IR-Spektren der diastereomeren Aminopropanole bestimmt. Die NMR-Spektren eines Diastereomerenpaares von Aminopropanolen bestätigen die ihnen chemisch zugeordneten Konfigurationen und ermöglichen den Nachweis auch ihrer bevorzugten Konformationen.

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Synthesis and configuration of methyl esters of the diastereomeric (±)-3-amino-2,3-diarylpropanoic acids, the (±)-3-amino-2,3-diaryl-1-propanols and their derivatives

Reaction of hydramides with m,p-dialkoxysubstituted arylacetates in the presence of anhydrous AlCl₃ generally leads to mixtures of the esters of the (±)-erythro- and (±)-threo-3-amino-2,3-diarylpropanoic acids. However, in the reaction of piperonal hydramide with methyl homoveratrate, only the correspondingerythro-diastereomer was obtained.Reduction of the diastereomeric esters gives the corresponding (±)-erythro- and (±)-threo-3-amino-2,3-diaryl-1-propanols, which can be characterized as N,O-dibenzoyl derivatives. Relative configurations of both alcohols and esters were determined by means of their IR spectra. Configurations were confirmed for one pair of diastereomeric amino alcohols by means of NMR spectra and preferred conformations deduced.

     

Spectroscopic study of 1-cyanoacetyl-2-alkylhydrazines and their ring isomers — 1-alkyl-5-amino-3-pyrazolones

The structures of 1-cyanoacetyl-2-alkylhydrazines and their ring isomers, viz., 1-alkyl-5-amino-3-pyrazolones, to which they are readily cyclized, were investigated by IR, UV, and PMR spectroscopy.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 516–519, April, 1981.     

Triterpene glycosides of Acanthophyllum gypsophiloides IV. The structure of acanthophyllosides B and C

Summary Alternative structures for the acyloside chain of acanthophylloside B and C have been established.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 728–734, November–December, 1975.     

Metallkomplexe mit anionischen Liganden von Elementen der 4. Hauptgruppe. VIII. Pentacarbonyl-trihalogenstannido-metallat(O)-Komplexe von chrom,molybdän und wolfram mit fluor- und jodhaltigen stannidliganden

Metal Complexes with Anionic Ligands of Elements of the Main Group IV. VIII Pentacarbonyltrihalogenostannidometalate(O) Complexes of Chromium, Molybdenum, and Tungsten with Fluorine and Iodine Containing Trihalogenostannido Ligands In methylenechloride [As(C₆H₅)₄][SnF₃] readily reacts with the metalhexacarbonyls forming the arsoniumsalts of the pentacarbonyltrifluorostannidometalate(O) complexes, [M(CO)₅SnF₃]^? (M ? Cr, Mo, W). Exclusively by the reaction of the intermediately formed complex Cr(CO)₅THF only one pure triiodostannidometalate(O) Complex, [N(C₂H₅)₄][Cr(CO)₅SnJ₃], could be isolated. The trihalogenostannidometalate(O) complexes [M(CO)₅SnClX₂]^? (X ? F: M ? Cr, Mo, W; X ? J: M ? Cr) could be prepared by SnX₂-insertion reactions of the [M(CO)₅Cl]^? complexes. The bonding properties of the halogenostannide ions are discussed on the bases of the IR spectra of their metalate(O) complexes.     

PHOTOREDUCTION OF ZINC PORPHIN BY ASCORBIC ACID*

Abstract— Zinc porphin is photoreduced to zinc chlorin through an intermediate dihydroporphin (PH₂) by ascorbic acid in ethanol containing 1% to 10% (v/v) piperidine. Under the same conditions zinc chlorin is more slowly photoreduced to zinc tetrahydroporphin. The reactions leading to chlorin are photosensitized by the product chlorin and so are autocatalytic in red light. Quantum yields for these reactions range up to 0.05.Other aliphatic amines catalyze these reactions, but at rates peculiar to the amine. The immediate product of reduction of zinc porphin, PH₂, is distinguished by an intense band at 437 nm; it reverts to porphin in the dark in the presence of oxygen or dehydroascorbic acid. Its conversion to chlorin is effected by light absorbed by porphin or chlorin, but not by light absorbed by PH₂ itself. A suggested structure for PH₂, compatible with the observed reactions, has added hydrogens on one bridge carbon and one β-pyrrole carbon. The possibility of an analogy between these reactions and the biochemical conversion of protochlorophyll to chlorophyll is discussed.     

Carbon-bound diazeniumdiolates from the reaction of nitric oxide with amidines

[reaction: see text] The enediamine tautomer of a variety of substituted amidine free bases reacts with nitric oxide (NO) to produce compounds containing a carbon-bound diazeniumdiolate [R1R2R3C-N(O)=NO-] functional group (previously called "nitrosohydroxylamines"). The new reaction has been shown to be quite general, although the nature of the products does vary. Amidines containing more than one replaceable hydrogen produce polydiazeniumdiolates as intermolecular salts, while those in which only one diazeniumdiolation can occur provide zwitterionic salts. These diazeniumdiolated amidines are shown to be useful NO donor compounds which undergo very slow spontaneous dissociation on dissolution in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer to produce mixtures of NO and nitrous oxide containing mostly NO. The most advantageous manifestation of the new discovery is the preparation of the monodiazeniumdiolated amidine zwitterions. Reaction of the medically relevant alpha-adrenergic agonists tetrahydrozoline and idazoxan produced monodiazeniumdiolated amidine zwitterions from which NO release was observed for up to 28 days and showed little sign of ending. The reaction should be applicable to a variety of pharmaceutical agents, including NO synthase inhibitors, antitumor agents, and antibacterials.