Alternating-current ionic conduction and dielectric relaxation of poly(vinylidene fluoride) at high temperatures

Dielectric properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) have been studied in the frequency range 20 Hz to 1 MHz and between 100 and 220°C, during heating and cooling. The dielectric constant and loss change abruptly at the temperature T_m corresponding to the melting point. At lower frequencies, two types of ionic conductin are observed. One appears below T_m and is attributed to interfacial polarization. The other occurs above T_m and is related to electrode polarization. These results suggest that a crystalline polymer is a heterogeneous medium for ionic transport, while the melt is a homogeneous medium. From these results, the nature of ac ionic conduction in crystalline polymers is discussed. At high frequency, the α relaxation is observed below T_m. It is due to the molecular motion in the crystalline region and disappears at T_m.     

Fibred spaces and non-linear connections

Summary We give the fibre structure to the two complementary distributions, one being holomonic and the other being in general non-holomonic, by assigning the structure preserving transformations of the coordinates and of the frames. By the conversion from such fibred spaces we derive the spaces of non-linear connections as their image, in which we point out that the usual conditions imposed on C_kji and the covariant differentiation of g_ji in the metric spaces of non-linear connections can be interpreted respectively as the parallel and isometric conditions imposed on the fibre of the corresponding fibred Riemannian spaces. To Enrico Bompiani on his scientific Jubilee.     

Differential geometry on almost tangent manifolds

Summary We start from a tensor field Q of type (1, 1) defined in a2n-dimensional manifold M which satisfies Q ²⁼⁰ and has rank n. The tensor field Q defines an almost tangent structure in M. We then introduce another tensor field P of the same type and having properties similar to those of Q. We then define and study the tensors H=PQ, V=QP, J=P−Q, K=P+Q, L=PQ−QP, (J, K, L) defining an almost quaternion structure of the second kind on M. We study the differential geometry on almost tangent manifolds in terms of these tensors. To ProfessorBeniamino Segre on his seventieth birthday Entrata in Redazione il 7 giugno 1973.     

Dynamic mechanical and dielectric relaxations of polystyrene below the glass temperature

Dynamic mechanical and dielectric properties of various kinds of polystyrene, including bulk-polymerized, monodisperse, isotactic, and thermally degraded samples, have been measured below the glass temperature to 4°K. Five relaxation processes are found, designated β, γ, γ′, δ, and ε in order of descending temperature. The β peak (350°K at 10 kHz) is attributed to the local oscillation mode of backbone chains and the γ′ peak (180°K at 10 kHz) to rotation of phenyl groups. The δ peak (100°K at 10 kHz) is observed only in dielectric properties of the bulk-polymerized sample and is assigned to weak polar bonds, such as oxygen bonds in the chain. The δ peak (55°K at 10 kHz) which is prominent in dynamic mechanical properties is interpreted in terms of lattice defects due to a syndiotactic diad inserted between isotactic sequences in a chain or vice versa. The ε peak (ca. 25°K at 10 kHz) is first reported in the present work, but the mechanism involved is not yet clear.     

Alternating copolymerization of polar vinyl monomers in the presence of zinc chloride. II. Properties of acrylonitrile–styrene copolymer

The properties of the acrylonitrile–styrene copolymer prepared in the presence of zinc chloride were investigated in comparison with those of a copolymer having the same overall composition and prepared by the ordinary radical procedure. The characteristics of the polymer prepared with ZnCl₂ were as follows: (1) less coloration by alkali treatment, (2) less coloration by thermal treatment and (3) higher glass transition temperature. These features may be attributed principally to the structure of the copolymer, which has more unlike bonds and less long sequences as described in the first article of this series. The effects of residual salt in the copolymer on the properties were also investigated.