On rings in which every maximal one-sided ideal contains a maximal ideal

Given a ring R, consider the condition: (^*) every maximal right ideal of R contains a maximal ideal of R. We show that, for a ring R and 0 ≠ e ² = e ∈ R such that ele ? eRe every proper ideal I of R R satisfies (^*) if and only if eRe satisfies (^*). Hence with the help of some other results, (^*) is a Morita invariant property. For a simple ring R R[x] satisfies (^*) if and only if R[x] is not right primitive. By this result, if R is a division ring and R[x] satisfies (^*), then the Jacobson conjecture holds. We also show that for a finite centralizing extension S of a ring R R satisfies (^*) if and only if S satisfies (^*).     

Thiolated dextran-coated gold nanorods for photothermal ablation of inflammatory macrophages

Thiolated dextran-coated gold nanorods (DEX-GNRs) were synthesized for targeted delivery to inflammatory macrophages and their photothermal ablation under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation. Successful synthesis of DEX-GNRs was achieved using thiolated dextran, generated by applying mercaptopropionic acid to transform a hydroxyl group of dextran into a thiol group which has strong binding affinity with surfaces of GNRs. We confirmed both the existence of a thiol group in the functionalized dextran using Ellman's reagent in a thiol group assay and the characteristic band of DEX-GNRs using FT-IR spectrum. Furthermore, a cellular uptake study revealed that dextran showed a superior ability to bind the GNRs surface against macrophages compared to those of PEGylated GNRs with various molecular weights of polyethyleneglycol (PEG). Consequently, an in vitro photothermal irradiation experiment using NIR light indicated that DEX-GNRs exhibited a significant cell-killing efficacy, even with a lower concentration of Au and a low-power light source.     

Measurement of the alpha-secondary kinetic isotope effect for the reaction catalyzed by mammalian protein farnesyltransferase

Protein farnesytransferase (FTase) catalyzes the transfer of a 15-carbon prenyl group from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to the cysteine residue of target proteins and is a member of the newest class of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze sulfur alkylation. Common substrates of FTase include oncogenic Ras proteins, and therefore inhibitors are under development for the treatment of various cancers. An increased understanding of the salient features of the chemical transition state of FTase may aid in the design of potent inhibitors and enhance our understanding of the mechanism of this class of zinc enzymes. To investigate the transition state of FTase we have used transient kinetics to measure the alpha-secondary 3H kinetic isotope effect at the sensitive C1 position of FPP. The isotope effect for the FTase single turnover reaction using a peptide substrate that is farnesylated rapidly is near unity, indicating that a conformational change, rather than farnesylation, is the rate-limiting step. To look at the chemical step, the kinetic isotope effect was measured as 1.154 +/- 0.006 for a peptide that is farnesylated slowly, and these data suggest that FTase proceeds via a concerted mechanism with dissociative character.     

Dynamics of probes in model glassy matrices

The dynamics of diatomic probe molecules in matrices composed of hard spheres are studied using molecular dynamics simulations. The matrix particles are connected to fixed attachment points by strings of length, l, which is varied from l-->infinity (fluid) to 0 ("glass"). The probe diffusion coefficient, D interpolates smoothly between these limits when l is changed. As l is decreased, D displays a transition from a power-law l dependence, which is well fit by the mode-coupling theory expression, to an Arrhenius l dependence. Single particle analysis shows that the hopping motion sets in for l much larger than a critical length, l(c), and Arrhenius behavior occurs when hopping becomes the dominant mode of transport. The system displays dynamic heterogeneity even though there is no growing dynamic correlation length of any kind.     

A scaled version of the double-mean-reverting model for VIX derivatives

As the Heston model is not consistent with VIX data in real market well enough, alternative stochastic volatility models including the double-mean-reverting model of Gatheral (in: Bachelier Congress, 2008) have been developed to overcome its limitation. The double-mean-reverting model is a three factor model successfully reflecting the empirical dynamics of the variance but there is no closed form solution for VIX derivatives and SPX options and thus calibration using conventional techniques may be slow. In this paper, we propose a fast mean-reverting version of the double-mean-reverting model. We obtain a closed form approximation for VIX derivatives and show how it is effective by comparing it with the Heston model and the double-mean-reverting model.     

Quantitative characterization of degradation behaviors of antioxidants stabilized in lipid particles

This study describes a flexible approach that allows us to characterize the long-term stability of antioxidants by using a thermodynamically extended Arrhenius equation. We use retinol, Vitamin A, as a model antioxidant and its degradation behaviors are characterized for both stabilized and non-stabilized systems; in this study, by using a fluid bed technique, we immobilize the retinol in lipid particles, thus increasing its thermal stability in complex formulations, such as aqueous polymer gels and emulsions. Our approach demonstrates that the degradation behaviors of the retinol show a functional relationship with temperature and time, which makes it possible to use the Arrhenius approach. This result allows us to precisely characterize the stability of antioxidants in complex formulations for long time.     

Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of conjugated nitroalkenes using decaborane: synthesis of oximes

alpha,beta-Unsaturated nitroalkenes are readily reduced to the corresponding aldoximes and ketoximes in good yields, using a system of decaborane (B10H14) and DMSO in methanol in the presence of 10% Pd/C at room temperature under nitrogen.     

Non-interpenetrating honeycomb-like 2D [6,3] network built by a novel trigonal metalloligand

The combination of a novel trigonal metalloligand and linear linker affords the large non-interpenetrating honeycomb-like 2D [6,3] network in spite of the large hexagon lattice dimension.     

Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α mediates senescence-associated intrinsic mechanisms of age-related bone loss

Aging is associated with cellular senescence followed by bone loss leading to bone fragility in humans. However, the regulators associated with cellular senescence in aged bones need to be identified. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)−2α regulates bone remodeling via the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Here, we report that HIF-2α expression was highly upregulated in aged bones. HIF-2α depletion in male mice reversed age-induced bone loss, as evidenced by an increase in the number of osteoblasts and a decrease in the number of osteoclasts. In an in vitro model of doxorubicin-mediated senescence, the expression of Hif-2α and p21, a senescence marker gene, was enhanced, and osteoblastic differentiation of primary mouse calvarial preosteoblast cells was inhibited. Inhibition of senescence-induced upregulation of HIF-2α expression during matrix maturation, but not during the proliferation stage of osteoblast differentiation, reversed the age-related decrease in Runx2 and Ocn expression. However, HIF-2α knockdown did not affect p21 expression or senescence progression, indicating that HIF-2α expression upregulation in senescent osteoblasts may be a result of aging rather than a cause of cellular senescence. Osteoclasts are known to induce a senescent phenotype during in vitro osteoclastogenesis. Consistent with increased HIF-2α expression, the expression of p16 and p21 was upregulated during osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow macrophages. ChIP following overexpression or knockdown of HIF-2α using adenovirus revealed that p16 and p21 are direct targets of HIF-2α in osteoclasts. Osteoblast-specific (Hif-2α^fl/fl;Col1a1-Cre) or osteoclast-specific (Hif-2α^fl/fl;Ctsk-Cre) conditional knockout of HIF-2α in male mice reversed age-related bone loss. Collectively, our results suggest that HIF-2α acts as a senescence-related intrinsic factor in age-related dysfunction of bone homeostasis.Subject terms: Cell biology, Diseases     

Selective salt transport through a crosslinked poly(L-glutamic acid) membrane for KCl/LiCl mixed systems

Selective salt transport of KCl over LiCl has been studied for a crosslinked poly(L -glutamic acid) membrane immersed in 80 vol.-% ethanol. The permeabilities (P_s) and solubilities were measured for various mixing ratios of the salts. The highest permselectivity (P_s (KCl)/P_s (LiCl) = 4,3) has been obtained at a LiCl mole fraction of 0,2. It is similar to that obtained in single salt systems.