Antidepressant-like effect of triterpenoids extracts from Poria cocos on the CUMS rats by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and LC–MS metabolomics

Abstract

Poria cocos is an edible medicinal mushroom with the effects of inducing diuresis, excreting dampness, invigorating the spleen and tranquilizing the mind. The triterpenoids of Poria cocos as the main active ingredients have shown health benefits of the central nervous system of the human body. Accordingly, this study aimed at further understanding the antidepressant-like effect and a potential mechanism of the triterpenoids extracts from Poria cocos (TPC). As a result, the TPC significantly ameliorated depression-like behaviors on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats, and restored the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in the hippocampus of rats. Gut microiota analysis revealed that TPC could increase the biodiversity and markedly regulate the relative abundance of [Prevotella], Allobaculum and Ochrobactrum of CUMS rats. The cecal contents metabolomics pointed to thirteen biomarkers associated with TPC antidepressant effect, which involved in primary bile acid biosynthesis, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism. Correlation analysis further showed that there was a strong correlation relationship between the gut microbiota and the cecal contents metabolites, especially compounds involved in energy metabolism, inflammation and immunity. In conclusion, TPC showed a potential antidepressant effect, which was possibly mediated the gut microbiota and cecal contents metabolism.     

Ru-Catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of alpha-ketoesters with CeCl3.7H2O as additive

[reaction: see text] An efficient asymmetric hydrogenation of alpha-ketoesters is reported with use of a catalyst prepared from [Ru((S)-3)(benzene)Cl]Cl and CeCl(3).7H(2)O. Alpha-hydroxy esters are obtained in up to 96% ee. The addition of CeCl(3).7H(2)O not only improves the enantioselectivity, but also enhances the stability of the catalyst. As a result, the hydrogenation of methyl benzoylformate affords the product with 92% ee with a substrate/catalyst ratio of 10 000. Hydrolysis of 2 provides the final compound with 83% yield at 99% ee after a single recrystallization from 1,2-dichloroethylene.     

Synthesis and screening of a molecularly imprinted polymer library targeted for penicillin G

A library of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) was synthesized by radical bulk polymerization using the beta-lactam antibiotic penicillin G as the template. Diversity of the library was obtained by combining various functionalized monomers and cross-linkers and by varying the stoichiometry and the concentration of the components in the prepolymerization mixtures. The library was screened for selectivity to penicillin G by a radioligand binding assay and was compared to a corresponding control library. The best MIP candidate, showing the highest selectivity for penicillin G, was prepared from methacrylic acid and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate as the functionalized monomer and cross-linker, respectively. Cross-reactivity studies with other beta-lactam antibiotics showed a low cross-reactivity of penicillin V (15%), ampicillin (16%), and amoxicillin (19%). Nafcillin and oxacillin showed less cross-reactivity (<1%). Cross-reaction with a cephalosporin antibiotic (cephapirin) and structurally nonrelated antibiotics (chloramphenicol, tetracycline, dapsone, and erythromycin) was less than 0.01%.     

排序集抽样下Inverse Rayleigh分布的Fisher信息量及其在参数估计中的应用

文章分别在简单随机抽样和排序集抽样下研究了Inverse Rayleigh分布中对应样本所含刻度参数θ的Fisher信息量.数值结果表示,同等样本容量的排序集样本比简单随机样本提供更多关于θ的信息.接着分别基于简单随机样本和排序集样本构造了θ的一些优良估计,并对估计结果进行了数值比较.     

CARRIER PHOTOGENERATION IN POLY（N-VINYL-CARBAZOLE）-BASED PHOTOCONDUCTIVE THIN-FILM DEVICES

In this paper, photoexcitation processes in the bilayer devices based on inorganic materials and poly（N-vinylcarbazole） （PVK） were investigated. In order to clarify the roles of inorganic materials in photoconductive properties of bilayer devices, TiO2 and ZnS were chosen to combine with PVK. A model for generation of photocurrent （Iph） in single layer device of PVK was obtained. It is deduced that the recombination rate constant （Pcomb） and the ionization rate constant （y） ofexcitons should be considered as the most important factors for Iph. For inorganic materials （TiO2 or ZnS）/PVK bilayer devices, in reverse bias of-4 V, the photocurrent of 115 mA/cm^2 in the TiO2/PVK device was observed, but the photocurrent in the ZnS/PVK device was only 10 mA/cma under the illumination light of 340 nm and the light intensity of 14.2 mW/cm^2. The weaker photocurrent is attributed to the absorption of ZnS within UV region and the energy offset at the interface between PVK and ZnS, which impedes the transport of charge carriers.     

On the Sixth Power Mean of the Two-term Exponential Sums

Acta Mathematica Sinica, English Series - The main purpose of this article is to study the calculating problem of the sixth power mean of the two-term exponential sums, and give an interesting...     

Regularity of Viscosity Solutions of the Biased Infinity Laplacian Equation

In this paper, we are interested in the regularity estimates of the nonnegative viscosity super solution of the $β$−biased infinity Laplacian equation $$∆^β_∞u = 0,$$ where $β ∈ \mathbb{R}$ is a fixed constant and $∆^β_∞u := ∆^N_∞u + β|Du|,$ which arises from the random game named biased tug-of-war. By studying directly the $β$−biased infinity Laplacian equation, we construct the appropriate exponential cones as barrier functions to establish a key estimate. Based on this estimate, we obtain the Harnack inequality, Hopf boundary point lemma, Lipschitz estimate and the Liouville property etc.     

On the isomorphisms and automorphism groups of circulants

Denote byC _n(S) the circulant graph (or digraph). LetM be a minimal generating element subset ofZ _n, the cyclic group of integers modulon, and In this paper, we discuss the problems about the automorphism group and isomorphisms ofC _n(S). When M S , we determine the automorphism group ofC _n(S) and prove that for any T if and only ifT = S, where is an integer relatively prime ton. The automorphism groups and isomorphisms of some other types of circulant graphs (or digraphs) are also considered. In the last section of this paper, we give a relation between the isomorphisms and the automorphism groups of circulants.