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1.
The turbulent flow in a compound meandering channel with a rectangular cross section is one of the most complicated turbulent flows, because the flow behaviour is influenced by several kinds of forces, including centrifugal forces, pressure‐driven forces and shear stresses generated by momentum transfer between the main channel and the flood plain. Numerical analysis has been performed for the fully developed turbulent flow in a compound meandering open‐channel flow using an algebraic Reynolds stress model. The boundary‐fitted coordinate system is introduced as a method for coordinate transformation in order to set the boundary conditions along the complicated shape of the meandering open channel. The turbulence model consists of transport equations for turbulent energy and dissipation, in conjunction with an algebraic stress model based on the Reynolds stress transport equations. With reference to the pressure–strain term, we have made use of a modified pressure–strain term. The boundary condition of the fluctuating vertical velocity is set to zero not only for the free surface, but also for computational grid points next to the free surface, because experimental results have shown that the fluctuating vertical velocity approaches zero near the free surface. In order to examine the validity of the present numerical method and the turbulent model, the calculated results are compared with experimental data measured by laser Doppler anemometer. In addition, the compound meandering open channel is clarified somewhat based on the calculated results. As a result of the analysis, the present algebraic Reynolds stress model is shown to be able to reasonably predict the turbulent flow in a compound meandering open channel. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
2.
Mineo Hashizume Hiroaki Inoue Kiyofumi Katagiri Atsushi Ikeda Jun-Ichi Kikuchi 《Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology》2004,31(1-3):99-102
Morphological characterization of the organic-inorganic vesicular nanohybrids, Cerasomes, was performed in aqueous media from two aspects. Firstly, a novel Cerasome-forming lipid having two triethoxysilyl groups in the head moiety was synthesized and the physical property of the Cerasome was investigated. While the morphological stability of the Cerasomes, as evaluated from the vesicular collapse behavior against a micelle-forming nonionic surfactant, Triton-X 100, was extremely higher than that of the conventional phospholipid liposome, the stabilities were comparable to each other for the Cerasomes derived from the dual- and single-head lipids. On the other hand, the surface property of the Cerasome formed with the dual-head lipid more closely resembled the colloidal silica particles rather than that derived from the single-head lipid, as suggested by zeta-potential measurements. Secondly, the effect of the media pH on the morphological stability of the Cerasome formed with the single-head lipid was evaluated and appeared as a time difference in obtaining the morphological stability of the Cerasome. These morphological characteristics of the Cerasomes could be mainly owing to the development of the siloxane network on the vesicular surface. 相似文献
3.
Tatsuo Nakagawa Satoshi Fukura Munenori Nakai Kazumasa Sugiyama Ryohei Kokawa Hiroyuki Kagi 《Optical Review》2006,13(4):269-275
We constructed a scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) on a commercially available atomic force microscopy (AFM) apparatus
(SPM-9500J2; Shimadzu Corp.) to measure the stress distribution in ceramic composite materials. Features of our SNOM system
are: (1) a compact SNOM head substituted for the original AFM head; (2) a wide scanning range (125 × 125 μm2) inherited from the original scanner; (3) use of conventional shear-force regulation; (4) an optical system for the illumination-collection
(I-C) mode; (5) excitation by a 488 nm line of an Ar-ion laser, and (6) light detection by photon counting or a polychromator
equipped with an electronically cooled charge coupled device (CCD). This SNOM system was used to measure the surface structure
and stress distribution of an Al2O3/ZrO2 eutectic composite. We simultaneously measured topographic images and fluorescence spectra of an Al2O3/ZrO2 eutectic composite. We estimated its peak intensity, peak position, and peak width from the fluorescence spectrum during
scanning, which respectively correspond to the abundance of Al2O3, stress in the grain, and the anisotropy of that stress. Mapping images showed that the stress and its anisotropy were weaker
in the center of the Al2O3 grain than its boundary between Al2O3 and ZrO2. That observation suggests that Al2O3 underwent intense anisotropic stress induced by volume expansion in the phase transition of ZrO2 from the cubic phase to the monoclinic phase during preparation. 相似文献
4.
Adachi I Aihara H Dijkstra HB Enomoto R Fujii H Fujii K Fujii T Fujimoto J Fujiwara N Hayashii H Higashi S Iida N Imanishi A Ikeda H Ishii T Itoh R Iwasaki H Iwata S Kajikawa R Kamae T Kato S Kawabata S Kichimi H Kishida T Kobayashi M Kuroda S Kusuki N Maruyama A Maruyama K Masuda H Matsuda T Miyamoto A Morimoto T Nakamura K Nitoh O Noguchi S Ochiai F Okuno H Okusawa T Ohshima T Ozaki H Sato T Sai F Shimonaka J Shimozawa K Shirahashi A Sugahara R Sugiyama A Suzuki S Suwada T Takahashi K 《Physical review letters》1988,60(2):97-100
5.
6.
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
7.
8.
The effect of a pi-electron-donating macrocyclic molecule on the photochromic behavior of viologen derivatives was investigated in a thin polymer film. The intermolecular interactions between the viologens and the macrocyclic molecule were investigated in a solution before photoirradiation. In acetone, benzylviologens, N,N'-dibenzyl-4,4'-bipyridinium hexafluorophosphate (1) and N,N'-dibenzyl-trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridinium)ethylene hexafluorophosphate (2) each derived from 4,4'-bipiyridine and trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene, respectively, form an inclusion complex with p-benzocrown ether (3) with binding constants of ca 200 M-1, which was driven by a charge transfer interaction. The peak wavelength of the charge transfer absorption band was at 453 and 421 nm for the inclusion complexes of 1 and 2 with 3, respectively. Upon photoirradiation to the polymer film containing 1, the film changed color from colorless to blue, associated with the reduction of 1 from the dication to the radical cation. The original dication was recovered after 120 min. The addition of 3 into the film containing 1 caused not only the color change from colorless to yellow, associated with the charge transfer interaction between 1 and 3 before photoirradiation, but also an acceleration in the bleaching rate of the photoreduced 1. When p-dimethoxybenzene (4) was used as an acyclic analog of 3, a negligible change in the photochromic behavior of 1 was observed. Similar effect of 3 on the photochromic behavior of 2 was observed. These results imply that the pi-electron-donating macrocyclic molecule causes a faster bleaching of photoreduced viologens by forming the inclusion complex. 相似文献
9.
M Sugiyama T Sakamoto K Tabata K Endo K Ito M Kobayashi H Fukumi 《Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin》1989,37(8):2122-2131
Thiazolo[3,2-a]thieno[3,2-d]-, [3,4-d]- and [2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-one derivatives (6, 11 and 16), and polymethylene condensed thieno[3,2-d]-, [3,4-d]- and [2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-one derivatives (19-21), in which the oxygen atom of the oxazolidine moiety in 3 was replaced by a sulfur atom or methylene groups, were synthesized and evaluated for gastric antisecretory activity in pylorus-ligated rats. The structure-activity relationships of these compounds are discussed. 相似文献
10.
Jun-Ichi Anzai Yoko Sakata Yasuhiro Suzuki Akihiko Ueno Tetsuo Osa 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》1983,21(3):855-864
Crown ether-modified polyethylenimines (PEI-CR) were prepared to elucidate their cation binding efficiency and selectivity by liquid-liquid and solid-liquid extraction methods. With alkali metal cations it was found that polyethylenimines containing benzo-15-crown-5 moieties (Ia and Ib) extracted all cations examined more efficiently than their monomeric analogs, especially in the cases of K+ and Rb+ cations. The solid-liquid extraction revealed clearly that the polymers complexed with K+ and Rb+ cations according to a 1:2 cation-to-crown stoichiometry. The high selectivities of the polymers for K+ and Rb+ were interpreted in terms of the favourable conformation of the polymer chain for the formation of intramolecular 1:2 complexes. On the contrary, these polymers bound alkali earth cations less effectively with low selectivities. 相似文献